Qass. Book.

,/

0

Y

<

o

OLNEY'S

UNITED STATES,

ROUGHT DOWN TO

1851.

K^^^^^:^^:^^^^

n^«^s^2^

:^:^:(J\

HISTORY

UNITED STATES,

FOU TKE USE OP

SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES.

By J. OLNEY, A. M.

Atn-HOR OF THE FAMILY BOOK OF BISTORT, A GKOGRAPHY AND ATLAS, ETC.

VISED AND IMPROVED EDITION. l'^*

NEW HAVEN:

PUBLISHED BY DURRIE & PECK.

1 851.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by J. OLNEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Connecticut

OS'V^

PREFACE

TO

THE REVISED EDITION.

The History of the United States is as deeply interesting as it is eminently instructive. But little more than two centuries ago, our vast territory was an unexplored ■wilderness, whose only inhabitants were wild beasts and wandering savages. We see a few feeble and scattered Colonies planted in the New World, like seed in an untried soil, slowly putting forth the green leaves of patient hojie, the blossoms of growing promise, and, at last, the rich and abundant fruits of a Liberty and Prosperity without parallel in the history of the world. We see our heroic fathers nurturing these germs of a new and free Empire, through long years of toil and danger, contending with their savage fofes, the poverty and hardship of their lot, and the selfish and tyrannical government of their own Father Land. In the long and bloody struggle for National Independence, we honor that virtue and heroism which has won the highest place in the annals of fame. In the establishment of our National Government, with its Constitution and Laws, we admire the keen foresight and sound wisdom of the patriots of the Revolution, who laid so deep and strong the foundations of our mighty and glorious Republic And we survey with wonder and joy, that progress which has turned our wild forests into opulent cities — which has made our lakes, rivers, and coasts, the channels of a mighty commerce — which has startled our wildest mountains and most inaccessible valleys with the shriek of the steam-car, and replaced the insignificance and poverty of our early Colonies by a general wealth and prosperity, which has challenged the admiration of the world.

But still more cheering and important is the lesson taught us by the yet greater contrast between the Old World, as it was, and the New World, as it is. Looking back from our present position in the progress of the race, to that occupied by the most free and enlightened nations at the time of the first discoveries in America, we shall see that the settlement of the United States opened a new era in the history of man — that it was the dawn of a new civilization, higher and more perfect than had yet been known. This will be still more evident, if we trace the geographical march of the race from its original locality, to this Western World. Asia, rich in all the treasures of physical nature, was the birth-place of man, the cradle of his infancy, and the school of his childhood. He was there trained to know no bond but that of tyrannical authority, and no relation but that between a solitary desjjot and a nation of slaves. The soul's aspirations were crushed ; and, without thought, there was no progress. But, as time passed on, necessitj', or the desire of change, prompted those expeditions and colonies with which began the history and progress of Civil Government. Descending from the highlands of Asia, man proceeded from station to station, toward Europe. Each step was marked by a new and better civilization, and a higher range of thought. Entering Europe, he found a better field for his growing powers. Its coasts, indented with seas, gulfs, and bays, welcomed his early and timid commerce ; and its fertile soil and genial climate awak- ened his powers and excited him to action. Europe thus became the school of his youth, and the field of his first studies in arms and in navigation. Then Science and the Mechanic Arts exercised his thoughts and his powers ; and, at length, the great questions

1*

VI PREFACE.

of Civil Freedom and Moral Responsibility. And now, he no longer groveled in the dust beneath a master's frown. He walked erect, and raised his eyes to that Heaven to which his aspirations point. He formed various governments, retaining, indeed, many traces of Asiatic despotism, yet far better adapted to his wants in his advancing development. By slow degrees, he learned the necessity of a more perfect organization, which should recognize and protect the rights of the many. After long and severe struggles, the power of the rulers was limited by written constitutions and laws. This great advance toward popular freedom satisfied him for a time; but still increasing knowledge taught him how oppressive and unjust were the Social, Civil, and Religious Institutions under which he lived. He saw that the power was held by the few, and not by the many. Entire freedom of thought and action was not tolerated. Religion was bound by prescribed forms and creeds, niul the church and state were leagued together in a double-headed tyranny. Man's intellect was benumbed by the influence of a cor- ruj^ priesthood, and his social rights crushed by the heel of a feudal despot. At length, the glorious Reformation gave an electric shock to his mental powers, taught him to distrust authority, to trace effects back to their causes, and to seek tiie truth with no other guide than the reason which God had given him. This mighty struggle for Religious Freedom was followed by one as intense and earnest for Civil Liberty. Man now claimed free inquiry and self-government as his inalienable birthright. In this mighty contest between the many and the few, were reared and educated those bold, thoughtful, and earnest men, who left their homes to bear across the ocean, and plant on the shores of North America, the germs of Civil and Religious Liberty. They found the New World opening before them, vast in extent, with its fruitful plains — its grand lakes and rivers — its oceanic position — its varied but genial climate ; and all/ree — free as the broad ocean and the boundless air. In this magnificent theatre, unawed by kingly power or priestly authority, and under no eye but that of Heaven, they labored to reduce io practice their theories of government and religion. From New England to Florida, settlers from the various nations of Europe met to combine their efl^orts and gifts, and to carry out the great principles of Social, Civil, and Religious Liberty, on a grander scale than had yet been dreamed of in the Eastern World. Thus tracing the geograpiiical march of mankind through the three Northern Continents, we can say emphatically—

*' Westward the cause of Freedom takes its way." Asia is still ancient in all her manners and customs. Hardly a single step of progress has marked her history for thousands of years. Europe, the theatre of modern history, rich in science and art, has advanced but slowly, and still watches with deep anxiety the experiment of self-government and entire religious freedom, which her gifted sons had the wisdom to conceive, but not the power to execute. In these United States, the great Republic of the World, lies the grand and imposing theatre of the future progress of the race. We are to work out, not alone our own destiny, but that of the whole world. The ever-increasing tide of emigration from other lands, and the unparalleled increase of our own population, have already extended our settlements from ocean to ocean. Cities spring up, and new States are founded in the wilderness, and on our distant Pacific shores, more rapidly than the magic-built palaces of Eastern romance. Here, all the races meet at last in brotherly co-operation, and their varied energies are moulded into oiie mighty and peaceful nation. Meanwhile, the spirit of investigation is abroad, for a bolder and loftier flight. Nature, in all her domains, is forced to yield up her richest

PREFACE. Vll

secrets and rarest powers to the search of a host of philosophers, mechanics, and in- ventors. Our manufactures already rival those of Europe in variety and importance ; and have even, in some cases, superseded those of the Mother Country in her own home- markets, Our commerce, speeded by tiie magic power of steam, furrows every sea and port with its restless keels. Magnificent palaces glide over our great rivers and lakes. Our fiery coursers unite the wildest valleys of the interior with the rich and busy ports that line our coasts. Broad and deep chasms are spanned by bridges of fairy lightness, but wonderful strength. Impatient thought, already dissatisfied with the swiftness of steam, has called a new messenger to its aid, and sends despatches over electric highways with a speed only rivaled by the light. The Free States of the Atlantic and Pacific shores will soon exchange greetings and intelligence that shall outstrip the sun in his daily course. These marvellous applicationss of scientific principles to the wants of busy life are due to American inventors, and are but a foretaste of the victories over Nature which still await their untiring energy and skill. Nor are Literature, deep Science, or the Fine Arts neglected nor despised. Here is to be the field of yet greater triumphs for the Pen, the Pencil, and the Chisel, through all the realms of deep study, fervid eloquence, and the most lovely or imposing productions of art. Our Free Schools and Academies, and our populor and flourishing Colleges, are spreading every where the light of general Education — the only safeguard of liberal institutions. Our free Presses are the jealous guardians of our Civil and Social Rights, and tend to unite all classes in one common understanding and labor for the public good. The altars of Religion are no less respected and cherished, because no longer supported by civil or ecclesiastical tyranny. Our country

" Dreads not the skeptic's puny hands, V/hile near her school the church-spire stands ; Nor fears the blinded bigot's rule While near her church-spire stands the school.^''

Here, for the first time in human history, man will be truhj man, protected and honored as man, developed in all his powers, and enabled to realize the prophetic dreams of his infancy, and the growing hopes of his youth. Here shall be realized the iong-prophesied, long-expected Golden Jlge, which shall perfectly reconcile Order with Liberty, Individual Interests with the General Good, and make Justice and Fraternity the supreme principles in the intercourse, as well of nations, as of men. From this Free and Happy Land shall go forth the power to ])erfect the Civilization of the World. Completing the long cycle, the Arts of Freedom and of Peace shall be brought home to the ancient cradle of the race, and the deserts of Asia made to rejoice and blossom with the fruits of the highest culture. Then sjiall commerce, no longer restricted by blind and selfish monop- olies, weave a golden chain of sympathy and communion around our globe. The free exchange of products and of works, in this brotherly co-operation, shall arm man with new powers and energies, and confer upon him a wealth surpassing the wildest dreams of the past. The inferior races shall be educated by this friendly intercourse, and made fellow-laborers in the great work of human progress. To the portal of this Golden Future, the consummation of man's earthly destiny, Jlmerica holds the key. She only can accomplish the work to which she is pledged, and thus make thesublimest prophecies and aspirations of the Past the bright realities of the Present, and the foun- dation for a yet nobler Future.

SouTHiNOTON, Jan. 1st, 1851.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction, 9

Discoveries in America, . . 19 Settlement of Virginia, ... 30 Settlement of New York, . . 40 Settlement of Massachusetts, . 50 Settlement of New Hampshire, 70 Settlement of New Jersey, . . 74 Settlement of Delaware, . . 77 Settlement of Connecticut, . . 79 Settlement of Maryland, . . 86 Settlement of Rhode Island, . 89 Settlement of North Carolina, . 92 Settlement of South Carolina, . 95 Settlement of Pennsylvania, . 98 Settlement of Georgia, . . .102 The French and Indian War, 106 Causes of the Revolution, . .118 War of the Revolution, . .125

Events of 1776, 140

Events of 1777, 146

Events of 1778, 157

Events of 1779, 162

Events of 1780, 169

Events of 1781, 177

Washington's Administration, 189 Adam's Administration, . . 200 Jefferson's Administration, . 203 Madison's Administration, . .211

Events of 1813, 222

Events of 1814, 231

Monroe's Administration, . . 245 J. Q. Adams' Administration, 249 Jackson's Administration, . . 250 Van Buren's Administration, . 256 Harrison's Administration, . 261 Tyler's Administration, . . . 262 Polk's Administration, . . . 266 Taylor's Administration, . . 279 Fillmore's Administration, . .281 Constitution of the U. S., . . 283 Settlement of the States, . . 288 Battles of the Revolution, . 288

GENERAL DIVISION.

The History of the United States naturally divides itself into Four Parts : —

THE FIRST PERIOD

Comprises the events that occurred from the Discovery of America, by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, to the first permanent English settlement in America, at James- town, Virginia, in 1607.

THE SECOND PERIOD

Comprises the events that occurred from the settlement of Jamestown to the Declaration of Independence, in 1776.

THE THIRD PERIOD

Comprises the events that occurred from the Declaration of Independence to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, or present system of government, in 1789.

THE FOURTH PERIOD

Comprises the events that occurred from the adoption of the Constitution to the present

time.

INTKODUCTION,

VIEW OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD TWO THOUSAND YEARS BEFORE CHRIST.

1. As we glance our eyes over our own fair land and other countries of the civilized world, and remark the high state of learning and the arts, — the facilities for travel, commerce, and social intercourse, — we should bear in mind that these blessings are the result of long ages of toil, struggle, and earnest thought. Indeed, we should remember that the present condition of society, its civilization, comfort, and refinement, is the great work of the past ; the grand monument of the wisdom and genius of all preceding generations. It would be interesting to trace the progress of society from its origin, to exam- ine the various steps and gradual advance in the cause of human improve- ment to the present time ; but a veil of darkness covers the past, and of the early ages we know comparatively nothing. The various nations were sunk in ignorance, and, doubtless, many that toiled and struggled for the advance- ment of their race, passed away without leaving on record an event of their history, or even their name.

X INTRODUCTION.

2. The first authentic historical accounts we have of mankind, extend back no further than about 2000 years before Christ, the period when Egypt was distinguished for learning, for a knowledge of the arts, and for a high degree of national prosperity. At that time, most other nations appear to have been sunk in darkness ; at least, we know comparatively little of their history. The condition of the world at that period, and the first dawn of civilization, may be illustrated by the preceding map or picture.

3. From Egypt a knowledge of the arts of civilized life extended to other nations bordering on the Mediterranean sea. At that time, the art of naviga- tion was little known. Commerce was carried on between distant cities prin- cipally by land. For thousands of years, mankind were ignorant of the extent of the eastern continent, and even of the shape of the earth.* The oceanf was considered as a mighty barrier which no one could pass. As the light of civilization spread abroad, and a spirit of commercial enterprise took the place of the wandering and sluggish habits of barbarous life, mankind began to nav- igate the great rivers and inland seas, till a profital)le trade was carried on in ships between distant nations. The art of navigation, as we shall see by trac- ing its progress from its infancy down to its present state of perfection, has been attended with the most important results to man.

4. The Phoenicians, t or Tyrians, a people who dwelt on the east of the Mediterranean, were most early distinguished for commercial enterprise. It is supposed that they first constructed ships, and invented the art of navigation. They traded not only with the nations inhabiting the coasts of the Mediterra- nean, but established a regular intercourse with India and Arabia, by the way of the isthmus of Suez and the Red sea. From these countries they imported the most valuable commodities, and for a long time engrossed that lucra- tive trade without a rival. The vast wealth which they acquired by this means, induced the Hebrews, in the days of David and Solomon, to engage in commercial aflfairs. They sent ships from Eziongeber, a port on the Red sea, to Ophir, [see ] Kings, ix. 26,] and after an absence of three years, these re- turned laden with gold, ivory, ebony, &c.

5. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, the most learned nations of an- tiquity, seem to have paid no attention to navigation further than it was con- nected with the means of conquest and military glory. The Carthagenians,^ on the other hand, surpassed all others of that period in commerce and naval power. They made the whole of the old world tributary to their city. Not content with exploring every nook and corner of the Mediterranean, they visi- ted the Atlantic coasts of Europe, the British isles, and, according to Pliny, a Roman historian, they circumnavigated Africa, and returned home by way of

* Formerly the earth was supposed to be flat, and the heavenly bodies to move round it.

t " The ocean," says an eminent Arabian geographer of that time, " encircles the ultimate bounds of the inhabited earth, and all beyond it is unknown. No one has been able to verify any thing conceniing if, on account of its difficult and perilous navigation, its great obscurity, its profound depth, and frequent tempests, through fear of its miglity fishes, and 'its haughty winds. Yet there are many islands in it, some of which are peopled, and others uninhabited. There is no mariner who dares to enter into its deep waters ; or if they have done so, they have merely kept along its coasts, fearful of departing from them."

t The invention of letters is attributed to the Phoenicians. Cadmus, the leader of a colony from Phoenicia, founded Thebes, and introduced letters into Greece, about 1519 B. C. The alphabet at that time consisted only of sixteen letters.

§ Cai-thage, a famous city of Africa, founded by a colony of Phcenicians or Tyrians, B. C. 860, and capital of a rich commercial republic of the same name. It was de- stroyed by the Romans, B. C. 14G.

INTRODUCTION. XI

the Red sea. Had not Carthage early fallen by the power of the Romans, per- haps to them would have accrued the glory of discovering America, ages be- fore it was made known to the civilized world.

6. The art of navigation gained nothing for centuries after the fall of Car- thage. But from the subversion of the Roman empire,* it seems to have been forgotten until the returning dawn of civilization which succeeded the gloomy period called the dark ages. The rude tribes which settled in Italy, having ac- quired some relish for the arts of civilized life, engaged in commercial affairs with spirit and activity. From about the ninth to the fourteenth century, they were the only commercial people of Europe. f

7. Among these the Venetians took the lead. For a long time they engross- ed the whole of the lucrative commerce of India, which they carried on by way of Egypt and the Red sea,t or through the inland routes of Asia. The im- mense wealth which they acquired by this trade, and the high prices put upon the articles thus imported, excited the envy and the enterprise of other nations of Europe. Many began anxiously to inquire, whether another route to India could not be found ; one less tedious, less expensive ; one that would afford a free and easy course to the nations of Europe, and enable them to procure at a cheaper rate the valuable productions that Southern Asia afforded.

8. About this time, the mariner's compass (J) was invented, and man was en- abled to pass the boundary within which he had been so long confined. Soon

* Rome was taken, A. D. 476, by Odoacer, prince of the Ileruli, and an end put to the Western Roman Empire. Its ruin, however, was the result of its great extent, connected with its moral corruption. Rome had become the seat of luxury, wicked- ne.ss, and profligacy. It contained within itself the seed.s of dissolution, and the Goths, Vandals, Huns, A:c., who came to take vengeance on the empire, only hast- ened its downfall. It now pa.ssed forever from the hands of its original masters, into the hands of the barbarians who had so long hara.ssed it by their invasions. These tribes issued from their wilds, and, like a mighty torrent, rolled on and swept away every thing before them. Their path was marked by blood and fire. Noth- ing was sacred. A night of moral and intellectual darkness ovenspread the world. For several aiges, literature, science, taste, were words scarcely in use. Persons of the highest ratjk, and in the most eminent stations, could not read or write. This state of things, called the DARK AGES, continued from the extinction of the West- ern Empire to what is termed the revival of learning, about A.D. 14-50.

t By means of their extensive commercial intercourse with various parts of Eu- rope, Asia, and Africa, the Italians possessed more geographical knowledge and nautical skill, and had acquired more correct ideas of'the true figure of the earth, than any other people of that age. This will account for the singular fact, that tlie discoverer of America, and those who soon after explored diflfereut parts of it, were nativesof the commercial cities of Italy, viz. Columbus, Americus Vespucius, Cabot, and Verrazzani.

X If you will examine a map, you will perceive, that although the Venetians pur- sued the shortest route between India and Europe, yet it must have been laborious, slow, and expensive. For the goods were transported to the isthmus of Suez by water, there landed, and conveyed in carriages, or on camels, a distance of more than sixty miles, to the ports of the Mediterranean, where they were re-shipped and transported to Venice or other ports of Europe. Now you will perceive that a con- tinued water pa,ssage of much greater length, might be elfected with less difficulty and less expense.

§ The mariner's compass is an instrument used by sailors to point out their course at sea. It consists of a magnetic needle su.<:pended freely on a pivot, contain- ing a card marked with the thirty-two points of direction into which the horizon is divided, and which are thence called POINTS OF COMPASS. The needle always points to the north, except slithf variations, and the direction which the ship is steering is therelbre determined by a mere in.'-pection of the card. When and by whom the compass was invented is uncertain; but it is supposed to have been in 1302, by Flavius Gioia, of Naples. It did liot come into general use, bow-

XU INTRODUCTION.

after this, the art of printing was invented. These had a wonderful effect on society. Mankind now seemed to awake as from a dream. They began to think, to study the laws of nature, to found schools and colleges. A spirit of rnaritime discovery was awakened. Several nations began to turn their atten- tion to navigation and commercial enterprise.

9. Among these, the Portuguese led the way ; and to them is justly due the honor of setting on foot those enterprises of discovery and commerce, which have been attended with such happy results to the human race. Under the patronage of Prince Henry* they discovered the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde islands, and explored the shores of Africa to the coast of Guinea. The fame of these discoveries attracted the learned, the curious, and the adventu- rous, from various nations to Lisbon. Among others, Christopher Columbusf arrived there about 1470.

10. During his residence in Portugal, he sailed in several of their expedi- tions to the coast of Guinea and the African islands. He participated largely

ever, till after the year 1400. This important instrument has had more influence on navigation than all the efforts of preceding ages. It has enabled man to quit his timid course along the shore, and steer boldly across the unknown deep. It has opened to him the dominion of the sea, and has put him in possession of the terres- trial globe, by enabling him to visit every part of it.

* Prince Henry, the navigator, son of John I., king of Portugal. He was born, A.D. 1394. He early manifested a love for arms and military glory, particularly in the wars against the Moors ; but this was surpassed, however, by his love of the sciences, especially mathematics, asti-onomy, and navigation. During his expedi- tions in Africa, his vessels visited partsof the ocean which the navigators of that age had regarded as inaccessible. But Prince Henry meditated the discovery of coun- tries till then unknown. Familiar with the previous progress of geographical science, he neglected no opportunity, during his campaigns in Africa, to obtain from the Moors a knowledge of the regions bordering on Egypt and Arabia, and to inquire into the probability of a passage to the treasures of India, by a voyage round the western coast of Africa. The Moors, or Ai'abians, alone, at this period, were ac- quainted with this portion of the earth. From this source he received much inform- ation respecting the coast of Guinea and other maritime regions. Fully pei-suaded that Africa was circumnavigable— that a ship, by keeping along its shore, might sail from Europe to India — he offered generous rewards to all who would undertake voyages of discovery down the western coast of Africa. Although he died before he had accomplished the great object of his ambition, viz., A PASSAGE TO INDIA BY WATER, yet he lived long enotigh to behold, through his means, his native country in a grand career of prosperity. He died in 1463.

t Christopher Columbus was born in the city of Genoa, about 14.35. His father, Dominico Columbo, a poor wool-comber, gave him as good an education as his lim- ited means would allow. He early evinced a strong passion for geogi-aphical knowledge, and an irresistible inclination for the sea; and at fourteen years of age he began to navigate the Mediterranean. He commenced his sea-faring career with a relative named Columbo, a hardy old captain of the seas, bold and adventurous, and ready to fight in any cause. With this veteran cruiser, Columbus sailed sev- eral years, engaged in warlike enterprises against the Mohammedans and Venetians. In one of his engagements with the Venetians, the vessel commanded by Columbus grappled with a large galley, and the crews fought in close combat. In the fury of the contest they threw hand-grenades and other fiery missiles. The galley took fire, and both vessels soon became one flaming mass. The crews threw themselves into the sea. Columbus saved his life by swimming ashore. Portugal, at this time, attracted the attention of Europe by her maritime expeditions and discoveries. Co- lumbus repaired to Lisbon about 1470. Here he married the daughter of Barthol- omeo de Pallestrello, a distinguished navigator, who had participated in the dis- covery of some of the African islands, and had left many charts, journals, and ■nautical instruments. Columbus made use of these materials, and by profound "study became persuaded that the siiortest route to India would be found by sailing in a westerly direction.

INTRODUCTION. XUl

in the excitement which was felt by all concerned in maritime affairs. As it was the grand object of the Portuguese at that time to discover a passage to the Indies by water, Columbus, from his knowledge of the spherical figure of the earth, was persuaded, that instead of sailing round the southern extremity of Africa, a shorter and more easy route might be found by steering directly west, across the Atlantic ocean.

11. He supposed that the eastern coast of Asia was separated from the western shores of Europe and Africa by an ocean of moderate extent. Several facts tended to confirm this idea. Pieces of carved wood, reeds of an enor- mous size, and above all, a canoe with the dead bodies of two men, differing in complexion from any known race of people, had been driven by westerly winds upon the Azores, or Western islands. These, and other facts of similar import, convinced him that land might be easily )9ached by sailing in a west- erly direction.

12. Having established his theory, and matured the plan of a voyage, he now began to think of the means of carrying it into execution. Believing it too important an enterprise to be undertaken by an individual, he deemed it ne- cessary to secure the patronage of some sovereign power. For this purpose, in 1484, he made his views known to John H., king of Portugal ; but instead of receiving assistance, he experienced ridicule, contempt, and ingratitude.*

13. Columbus soon after returned and laid his plans before the government of Genoa. But that republic was then in a state of decline, and embarrassed by ruinous wars ; and in addition to this, its rulers were ignorant, and unable to form any idea of the principles upon which he founded his hopes of success. They looked upon his proposed voyage as the project of a visionary, or lunatic.

14. Columbus next applied to Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain. They listened to his views with attention, and gave him hopes of assist- ance. Soon after, a councilf of the most learned men in the kingdom was as- sembled by their order, to hold a conference with Columbus and report their opinion as to the merits of his theory. But these, mostly bishops and priests, were poorly qualified to decide upon a subject so much at variance with all their preconceived notions and views. Consequently they came to no decision, and Columbus was kept several years in a state of suspense, struggling with the ob-

* King John gave Columbus an attentive hearing, and being struck with the scheme, he referred it to a council of learned men. It was treated by them with contempt, as extravagant and visionary. Some of them proposed, however, a treach- erous experiment to test the truth of his theory, and if found correct, thus secure the glory of the discovery to the crown of Portugal. The king assented to this, and pro- curing from Columbus a plan of his intended voyage in writing, and the charts by which he intended to shape his course, he dispatched a caramel, or small vessel, to pursue the designated route. The captain, however, was as deficient in courage as his employers were in dignity and justice. After sailing in a westerly direction for some days, and seeing nothing but a waste of wild tumbling waves before him, he returned to Lisbon, ridiculing and execrating the project as wild, irrational, and, above all, DANGEROUS !

t At the time of Columbus, the state of knowledge, even among the learned, was very imperfect ; while, to the great mass, nature was a sealed book, and every thing shrouded in mystery. The learned council, assembled to decide upon Columbus's theory, came prepossessed against him. They were far more disposed to criticise and raise objections, than to listen to the dictates of reason and sound argument. Like the stupid and ignorant of all ages, they were ready to condemn every thing that squared not with their own preconceived views and notions. After hearing the novel theory of Columbus, and the reasons urged in support of it, it was con- tended by certain ones that, however plausible his ideas might appear, they must be fal.se, for thev were incompatible with the Christian faith, and contrary to certain passages in the Bible ! OtherB ridiculed his pretensions as wild and extravagant.

2

XIV INTRODUCTION.

stacles thrown in his way by ignorance, bigotry, and malice, before he was en- abled to proceed on a voyage of discovery. At length, by orders of Isabella, a fleet, consisting of three small vessels and one hundred and twenty men, was fitted out and placed under his command.

VIEW OF THie CIVILIZES WORLD, A.D. 149'^.

15. By examining the above map, it will be seen how much of the earth's surface was known to the civilized world at the time Columbus sailed on hJs voyage of discovery. It is true, navigation had been greatly improved by the use of the mariner's compass, and many of the nations of Europe were begin- ning to enjoy the blessings of learning, of the arts, and of commerce ; yet, nothing was known with any degree of certainty respecting the extent and true shape of the earth. Even Columbus himself never dreamed of discovering a

" What vanity," said they, "to think at this late day he has discovered something which has escaped the notice of all before him !" "How ridiculous are his plans !" said others ; " for we all know, that if a ship should sail westward on a globe, she would necessarily go down on the opposite side, and if she did not slip otf, it would be impossible for her ever to return, for it would be like climbing up hill, which no ship could do with the strongest wind." " How absurd,'' said another, "to believe that there are people with their feet opposite to ours, who walk with their heels up- ward and their heads hanging down; that there is a part of the world where all things are topsy-turvy ; where the trees grow with their branches downwards, and where it hails, rains, and snows upward !"

INTRODUCTION. XV

new continent, but simply of finding a new route to the eastern and southern shores of Asia.

16. All things being ready, on the 3d of August, 1492, Columbus set sail from the port of Palos, in Spain. Thus, after eighteen years of painful solicitation at different courts, amid poverty, neglect, and ridicule, he was enabled to test the truth of his theory, and engage in an enterprise which has led to more im- portant results than any ever before undertaken by man.

17. He steered directly for the Canary islands. Here he refitted his vessels — furnished himself with water and fresh provisions. On the 6th of Septem- ber, he steered directly west into an ocean on which no vessel had ever before sailed. No sooner were they out of sight of land, than the hearts of his crews were filled with anguish. They seemed to have taken leave of the world. Behind thern was every thing dear to the heart of man, — country, family, friends; before them was mystery, gloom, and peril. After sailing twenty -one days without sight of land, their courage began to sink ; but Columbus, by re- minding them of the honors, the glory, the riches, they would acquire by com- pleting the voyage, succeeded in dispelling their fears and reviving their hopes.

18. About this time the needle of the compass deviated from its course, that is, it did not point to the north star, or north pole. At this the pilots, and even Columbus himself, became alarmed. They were fearful that this in- strument was about to lose its mysterious virtues ; and without this guide, what was to become of them on a vast and trackless ocean? But shortly after, they met large quantities of floating sea-weed, and several land-birds were also seen. For some time the voyage was continued with animated hopes. They every moment expected to see land; but after sailing many day.s without seeing any, they decame disheartened. The impatience of the sailors rose to absolute mutiny.

19. "Here we are," said they, "sailing day after day into seas where man has never sailed before. And for what ? Why, simply that our commander, who is an ambitious desperado, may do something extravagant to render him- self notx>rious. Shall we continue on until all perish, or return while we have the power of so doing ? Who would blame us ? He is a foreigner, without friends. His schemes have been condemned and ridiculed by the learned. Many would be gratified by his failure."

20. Some even proposed to throw him overboard, and return without him. Columbus was aware of the state of feeling among the crews ; and after trying various ways to pacify them, promised that, if they would continue on three days longer, he would then return if land was not discovered. To this they all agreed. The next day they became convinced that they were near land. Birds were seen flying in all directions. A branch of a thorn-bush, with berries on it, floated by. They picked up a reed, a small board, and a staff curiously carved.

21. There were now no murmurs, no complaints. Every eye was turned in the direction whence land was expected to be seen. On the following night, October 11th, all remained on deck. About 10 o'clock Columbus saw some- thing : it appeared to be a light at a great distance. He pointed it out to those near him. They saw it. They continued on till about two in the morning, when a gun from the forward vessel gave the joyful signal of land. When day- light appeared, they saw before them a level and beautiful island, of great freshness and verdure, which Columbus afterward named St, Salvador.* It

* The first land that Columbus discovered, was one of the Bahama Islands, in the West Indies, called by the natives Gua-na-ha'-hi. Columbus named it St. Salvador, It is now called Cat island. It is about 60 miles in length, and 12 in breadth.

XVI INTRODUCTION,

was covered with trees, and evidently populous, for multitudes were seen is- suing from the woods, and running from all parts to the shore. All the boats were immediately manned and armed, and the Spaniards rowed toward the shore with music and martial pomp.

22. Columbus went first on shore, and was followed by his men. They all knelt, and kissed the ground with tears of joy, and returned thanks to God for their successful voyage. Columbus now drawing his sword, planted the royal standard, and took formal possession of the country in the name of the king and queen of Spain. The natives* witnessed these ceremonies with wonder. All was new to them ; the complexion, the dress, the shining armor of the Spaniards.

23. Columbus, perceiving them to be a simple and inoffensive people, to gain their good will, gave them some red caps, strings of beads, and other trifles, which they received with the greatest transport. He spent a few days in ex- amining the coasts and productions of the country, and then sailed to other islands which lay within sight. Having discovered Cuba and Hispaniola,t and several other islands, he built a fort and left a colony of thirty-nine men. He obtained large quantities of gold, and other valuable articles, and taking a number of the natives, he sailed for Spain, Jan. 4, 1493.

24. After encountering many toils and dangers, he arrived at Palos on the ]5th of March, amid the shouts of the people, the ringing of bells, and the thun- der of cannon. Success usually causes an astonishing change in the opinions of mankind. Columbus, who had been treated as a senseless visionary, was now received with almost regal honors. His entrance into Barcelona, where the court then resided, was a species of triumph more glorious than that of a conqueror. It was the tribute of respect paid to genius and exalted worth,

25. Columbus, after this, made three other voyages to the new world, and on the 1st of August, 1498, he discovered the continent near the mouth of the Orinoko. The latter part of his life was imbittered by the envy and malice of his enemies. In a word, he experienced the fate of the truly great. With an ingratitude scarcely to be paralleled, he was once sent home in chains, J to answer a groundless accusation. Though declared innocent, and apparently restored to regal favor, he never received the rewards due to his merit.*^ Even

* India was a term applied by Europeans to the southeastern parts of Asia, and the adjacent islands. As Columbus was in search of these regions, the first land he discovered he supposed to be a part of India, and he called the inhabitants IN- DIANS, and this name was subsequently apphed to all the natives of the western world, and which tliey still retain.

t The island was named Hispaniola by the Spanish, and St. Domingo by the French. It is now called Hayti, the original Indian name.

+ These chains Columbus kept hanging in his room during his life, and requested that when he died they might be buried in his grave, which was accordingly done.

§ The Spanish nobility were envious of the honors and distinctions conferred upon Columbus, and they sought every opportunity to detract from his merits, and to decry the greatness of his actions. They insinuated that his discoveries were rather the result of an accident than of well-concerted measures. At a public din- ner, several courtiers abruptly asked him, whether, in case he bad not discovered the Indies, there would not have been men in Spain capable of doing it. Columbus made no direct reply, but, calling for an egg, he invited the company to make it stand upon one end. When every one had attempted it in vain, and" confessed it impossible, "Give it to me," said Columbus. Having taken it, he struck it upon the table, broke one end, and left it standing on the broken part. Tliey all cried out, "Why, /could have done that." "Yes "said Columbus "but none of you thought of it. So I discovered the Indies, and now every pilot can steer the same course. Remember the scoffs that were thrown out at me before I put my design into execution. Then it was a dream, a chimera, a delusion ; now it is what any person might have done as well as I !"

INTRODUCTION. XVU

tke honor of giving name to the new world he had discovered, was denied him. Worn down with anxieties, fatigue, and sufferings, he ended his useful life at Valladolid, the 20th of May, 1506. His last words were, " Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend m}' spirit."

26. He died, says Mr. Irving, in ignorance of the real grandeur of his dis- covery. Until his last breath, he entertained the idea that he had merely opened a new way to the old resorts of opulent commerce, and had discovered some of the wild regions of the east. He supposed Hispaniola to be the an- cient Ophir which had been visited by the ships of King Solomon, and that Cuba and Terra Firma were but remote parts of Asia, What visions of glory- would have broken upon his mind, could he have known that he had indeed discovered a new continent, equal to the old world in magnitude, and separated by two vast oceans from all the earth hitherto known by civilized men !

27. The discoveries of Columbus produced a powerful excitement in Spain and Portugal. Several individuals, stimulated by the hope of wealth and honors, made equipments at their own expense, and crossed the ocean. Among the earliest of these adventurers, was Alonzo de Ojeda, an enterpris- ing officer who had accompanied Columbus in his first expedition. He sailed in 1499, and discovered the main land at the mouth of the Orinoko. With him was one Americus Vespucius,* who published on his return so flattering an accovmt of his voyage, as to make it appear that he had the honor of first discovering the continent of the new world. His description was the first given to the public. It circulated rapidly, and was read with admiration. By this means he obtained the honor of giving his name to this continent, but not without manifest injustice to Columbus.

* Americus Vespucius was born at Florence, in Italy, in 1451. He early discov- ered a taste for philosophy, mathematics, and navigation. In 1490, he went to Spaia for the purpose of trading, and was at Seville when Columbus was making prepa- rations for his second voyage. The success of Columbus's undertaking induced Vespucius to give up trade and explore these newly-discovered countries. In 1499, he sailed with Ojeda, as stated above, after having clandestinely obtained from the bishop of Burgos the drafts and plans which Columbus had left in his hands, in obedience to the orders of their Catholic majesties. He made several voyages after- ward, and died at Seville in 1512.

2*

INTRODUCTORY LESSON.

What is the name of this town ? What is the principal employment of the people of this town ? What do you understand by agriculture '. Manufac- tures ? Commerce? Have any events worthy of notice taken place in this town since you can remember? Do you think any have happened since your parents can remember ? Can you mention any that have been told you ? Can you mention the names of any distinguished persons that have lived in this town ? Can you inform me when this town was first settled by white people, or Europeans ? Who lived here before the white people came ? What has become of the Indians ? Should you like to hear a person relate all the im- portant events that have happened in this town, since it was first settled by ■white people ? Wliat would you call this relation or account? Does history always signify a relation or narrative of past events ?

What is the name of this county ? Can you inform me which town in this county contains the greatest number of inhabitants ? Which is the shire or county town ? What is the principal employment of the people of this county ? Can you tell me which town in this county was first settled by Europeans? Can you mention the names of any distinguished persons that have lived in this county ? Can you relate any e\ ents worthy of notice that have taken place in this county ?

What is the name of this State ? What is the capital of it ? What do you mean by capital ? Which is the most populous town or city in this State ? What is the difference between a town and a city ? Who is the present gov- ernor of this State ? Who was governor before him ? What town was first settled in this State ? By what European nation was it settled ? How many years since ? Can you mention the names of any distinguished individuals that have lived in this State ? Can you relate any important events that have happened in this State ?

What is the name of this country ? What is the capital of the United States ? Which is the most populous city in the United States ? Where was the first permanent English settlement made in the United States ? How many years since? Who is the president of the United States ? Who was president be- fore him ? Who is the vice-president of the United States ? Can you men- tion the names of any distinguished persons that have lived in the United States ? Can you relate any important events that have taken place in the United States ? Is our present form of government monarchical or republi- can ? What is the difference between a monarchical form of government and a republican ?

HISTORY

OP

THE UNITED STATES.

SITUATION OF AMERICA IN A.D. 1402.

PERIOD I.

Comprises the events that occurred from the discovery op America by Columbus, in 1492, to the settlement of Jamestown, A. D. 1607.

1. The discovery of America by Columbus, in 1492, pro- duced great excitement throughout the civihzed world. It awakened a spirit of activity, enterprise, and inquiry, never

Questions. What events does the first period comprise ? By whom was America discovered ? When ? What was the condition of the country at that time ? Ans. A wilderness, inhabited by Indians. What does the cut repre- sent?

20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1497.

before known. The gold, the silver, and other valuable pro- ductions found by the Spaniards, excited other nations to make discoveries in these new and unexplored regions. Among these the Enghsh took the lead.

2. In 1497, John Cabot,* and his son Sebastian,! under the patronage of Henry VII.,:{: king of England, sailed from Bristol, with a fleet of five ships. On the 3d of July, they discovered the American continent in latitude 56° N. "the dismal cliffs of Labrador." Steering southwardly, they soon after arrived at the island of Newfoundland. Thence they sailed along the coast as far south as Florida. Having taken possession of the country in behalf of the crown of England, they returned without making any settlement.

1. \yhat effect did the discovery of America produce ? What induced other countries to make discoveries in America? Ans. The hopes of enriching thenriselves by extending their commerce, acquiring vast territories, and ob- taining gold, silver, and other valuable productions. What nation took the lead?

2. Who first sailed from England to America? Who was John Cabot? Sebastian Cabot ? Who was king of England at that time ? What did they discover ? Upon what did the English found their claim to the eastern part of North America ?

* John Cabot was a native of Venice. He resided in Bristol, England, some years previous to the discovery of America by Columbus. He was skilled in all the sciences requisite to form an accomplished mariner. Encouraged by the success of Columbus in his first voyage, Cabot was determined to attempt the discovery of unknown lands. He sailed from England the beginning of May, 1497, with five'ves- sels freighted by the merchants of London and Bristol, with articles of traffic, and 300 men. The accounts of this voyage are involved in much obscurity. According to some, after discovering the continent, he sailed north to the latitude of sixty-seven degrees ; but meeting with ice, he changed his course, and sailed along the coast toward the equator till he came to Florida. Here his provisions failed him, and a mutiny broke out among his men ; and he was compelled to return to England.

t Sebastian Cabot, son of John Cabot, was born at Bristol, England, about the year 1477. He was early instructed in the mathematical knowledge necessary for a seaman, and at the age of seventeen had made several voyages. He sailed several times to the western continent for the purpose of finding a passage to the East Indies. Being disappointed in this, he quit England, and spent some time in the service of Spain. About the beginning of the reign of Edward VI., 1549, he returned to England, and had a pension settled on him as grand pilot of England. He died about 1557, leaving behind him a high character both as a skillful seaman and a man of great general abilities.

X Henry VII., of England, was born in 1457. He opposed and defeated Richard III., at Bosworth, and was proclaimed king on the field of battle in 1485. He was devoted to the happiness of his subjects, and contributed materially to the establish- ment of commerce, the encouragement of industry, and to the protection of the arts. He checked the encroachment of the nobles, made salutary laws, and died, with the reputation of a great and good king, in 1509.

1524.

DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA.

21

Upon the discoveries made in this voyage, the Enghsh founded their claim to the eastern part of North America.* '

DISCOVERY or FLORIDA, IN 1512.

3. In 1512, Juan Ponce de Leon,t a Spanish commander, discovered and named Florida. Having obtained a commis- sion from the king of Spain, he soon after attempted to plant a colony in it. But no sooner had he landed than his corn- pany were attacked by the natives, with poisoned arrows, and the greater part of them killed, and the remainder obliged to quit the country. In consequence of this dis- covery, the Spaniards laid claim to the territory of Florida.

4. In 1524, John Verrazzani,J in the employment of

3. When and by whom was Florida discovered ? By whom was he com- missioned to plant a colony there ? What became of this colony ? Upon what did the Spaniards rest their claim to Florida ?

* It was adopted as a rule by the sovereigns of Europe at that time, and is still received asa principle of the law of nations, that newly discovered countries belong to the discoverers.

t Juan Ponce de Leon was sent to conquer the island of Porto Rico ; and having there amassed great riches, and received information of an island situated to the norlh, in which'there was a miraculous fountain possessing the power of restoring youth to the aged, he sailed, in 1512. in quest of those happy shores. Although he was unable to find THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH, he discovered the country, to which he gave the name of Florida, oj3 account of its blooming appearance.

t John Verazzani was a native of Florence, Italy. It is worthy of remark, that

22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1534

Francis I.,* king of France, sailed along the American coast from Florida to Labrador, and named the country New- France. He made another voyage the year following, when, by some unknown disaster, he and all his compan- ions perished. In 1534, the French fitted out another expe- dition under James Cartier. He discovered and named the gulf of St. Lawrence. The year following, he sailed up the river of St. Lawrence, as far as Montreal, and took posses- sion of the country in the name of the French king. The discoveries of Verrazzani and Cartier laid the foundation of the French claim in North America. In 1540, they at- tempted to plant a colony in Canada, but being unsuccess- ful, they abandoned the enterprise.

5. In 1539, Ferdinand de Soto,t governor of Cuba, landed on the coast of Florida, with an army of about 1,200 men. He penetrated far into the country in search of gold, exposed to famine, hardships, and the opposition of the natives. In

4. In what year did Veraz.zanni sail along the American coast ? By whom employed ? What did he call the country ? What happened to him the next year? When and by whom was another expedition made ? What gulf did Cartier discover and name? Of what country did he take possession the next year ? In whose name ? What laid the foundation of the French claims in N. A. ? When was an attempt made to plant a colony, and with what

success

6. Who landed an army on the coast of Florida in 1539 ? What did he do ? What did he discover in 1541 ? Where and when did he die ? What became of his followers ?

gpaui, England, and France, owed their first discoveries in the new world to the Italians; a circumstance which clearly proves that in those times no nation was equal to the Italians in point of maritime knowledge and extensive experience in navigation. It is, however, remarkable, that the Italians, with all their knowledge and experience, have not been able to acquire one inch of ground for themselves in America. This singular failure has been ascribed to the penurious mercantile spirit of the Italian republics, to their mutual animosities and petty wars, and to tneir contracted, .selfish policy.

* Francis I., king of France, called by his subjects the ^^ father of literature," was born in 1494. He succeeded Lewis XII., on the French throne, in 1515. He is known as the rival and opponent of Charles V., emperor of Germany, and with whom he was involved in war during almo.st his whole reign. He was noted for his generosity, clemency, and love of letters; and had he been contented with the arts of peace, France would have been happy and prosperous under his government. He died at Rambouillet in 1547.

t Ferdinand de Soto, a brave, gallant, and intrepid officer. He served under Pizarro, in the conquest of Peru, with such reputation as to obtain from the king of Spain the government of Cuba. Desirous of wealth and renown, he left his hon- orable and lucrative station, and found want, misery, disease, and a grave ! To conceal his death, his body was wrapped in a mantle, and in the stillness of mid- night, was sunk in the middle of the river. The discoverer of the Mississippi slept beneath its waters.

1642.

DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA.

23

C O V 1: R Y OK THE M I S S I S S I P 1' f ,

1341.

the spring of 1541, he discovered the Mississippi, about GOO miles from its mouth. He continued his march westward to the Red river ; but disappointed in his search for gold, he returned to the Mississippi, where he died. May 21, 1542. His followers, after several ineffectual attempts to reach Mexico by land, built seven frail barks without decks, sailed down the river to its mouth, then steered for Mexico, and entered the river Panuco. Their numbers at that time were reduced to three hundred and eleven.

6. During the rehgious wars in France, Admiral Coligny,* the head of the Protestant sect in that country, formed a plan for settling a colony of his brethren in America, where

6. Who was Coligny ? When did he form a plan for a colony ? What was the state of France at that time ? What was his object in settling a colony? By whose permission was a company sent ? Under whom ? Where did they land ? What happened the next winter ? What was their condition while on their return ? Wliat became of them at last ? What was this the first attempt to do 't.

' Gaepard de Coligny, a celebrated admiral of France, was born in 1516. He bravely supported the cause of the French Protestants against the Catholics headed by the dulte of Guise. After gaininj? several victories over the opposite party, he was basely assassinated by one of the domestics of the duke of Guise, in the begin- ning of the horrid massacre of Paris, on the eve of St. Bartholomew's day, 1.572, when 30,000 Protestants were inliumanly butchered.

24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1564.

they might be safe from the persecutions of their enemies. By permission of Charles IX.,* in 1562, he sent out two ships under the command of John Ribault, with a large number of colonists, to that part of America called Florida. f They reached the coast in the latitude of St. Augustine ; and in May, discovered the St. John's river, which they named the river of May. Sailing northerly along the coast, they at length arrived at Port Royal entrance, on the coast of South Carolina. There they determined to establish the colony. A fort was erected, called Fort Carolina, after the name of the king, in which Ribault left the colonists and returned to France. During the following winter the set- tlers mutinied, killed their commander, built and rigged a rude vessel, and put to sea for the purpose of returnmg to their native country. Their little stock of provisions soon failed, and they were reduced to the dreadful extremity of killing and eating one of their companions. In this desti- tute condition they were taken up by an English vessel and carried to England. This was the first attempt to plant a colony within the limits of the United States.

7. In 1564, another colony was sent out by Coligny, under Laudonnier. He proceeded to the river May, or St. John's, and built another fort, which was also named Caro- lina. Having planted his colony, he returned to France. The Spaniards, enraged at this intrusion on their lands by

7. When and under whom did Coligny send out another colony? "Where was fort Carolina built ! When was the city of St. Augustine founded I "Which is the oldest European settlement in the United States ? What did the Spaniards do ? What did Melendes do to secure the country for Spain ?

* Charles IX., king of France, was horn in l.')50, and ascended the throne at the age of 10 years, after tliedeath of his brother, Francis 11. During his childliood, he was guided by his mother, Catharine dc Medicis, a woman of great ambition, but of little pruileuce ; anti as the kiii!j;(iom was divided by rt ligious factious, nothing for tlic happiness of the iteoplo, or the glory of the throne, coidd he expected. In the miilst of these struggles, Charles maintained a conduct fidl of dissinudation and hypocrisy. And while he pretended frieniiship and protection to all his subjects, he was secretly meditating that fatal nuissacre of St. Bartholomew, in 1572, which leaves an indelible stigma of barbarous cruelty on liis name. He died in 1574, and was succeeded by his lirolht-r, Henry 111.

t For a long time after the discovery of the country, the coa.st from the gulf of Mexico to Pamlico sound was embraced under tin- name of Florida. It is supposed by some, that Ribault left his colony on the banks of the Edisto river, within the present limits of South Carolina.

1583. . DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA. 26

heretics, sent a large force, under Don Pedro Melendos, to break up the settlement. He arrived on the coast of Florida the seventeenth of September, 1565, and entered a beautiful harbor. The next day he took formal possession of the country in the name of the king of Spain, and laid the foundation of St. Augustine, the oldest city, and the first permanent European settlement within the limits of the United States. Soon after, ho took the fort and put the settlers to death in the most barbarous manner. To secure the country for Spain^ he built three forts and left them garrisoned by Spanish soldiers.

8. The French government took no notice of this atrocious act of the Spaniards. An individual, however, by the name of Ferdinando Gourges, a soldier of great wealth, indignant at this outrage, fitted out an expedition at his own expense, and sailed fur Florida. By a bold assault, he took the Spanish forts, and put the garrisons to death.* Not being in a situation to keep possession of the country, Gourges destroy- •ed the forts and returned to France. Neither the French nor Spaniards ever after attempted a settlement at that place.

9. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, an enterprising navigator, having obtained a patentf from Elizabeth, | queen of England, in 1583, sailed with five ships to America. He entered the

8. In view of this outrage, what did Gourges do ? How did he treat the Spaniards?

9. When did Sir Humphrey Gilbert Hail for America? What bay did ho enter ? What did he find there ? In whose name did he take pos.se.s.sion of the country? Wiiy was he compelled to return? What became of him and his company ?

* Melendes hung on trees all the Frenchmeu that he captured, with a label sus- pended, " Not Frenchmen, but heretics." Gourures, in retaliation, hung all the Spaniards tlia,t he took, witli a label si(ruifyin^', "■ Not men, but (JevilK."

t Patent, or letters patent, a commiKsion or writing from the sovereiffn power, granting autiiority to a person to do some act, or enjoy some right. Tlie term is now applie<l, in the United States, to certificates issued from the patent office at Washington, which gives to the inventor of any useful machine the exclusive advantage of his invention.

t Elizabeth, one of the most celebrated sovereigns of England, was the daughter of Henry VIII., by his rpjeen, Ann Boleyn. Hhe was born in 1.'533, and began her reign in 1.558. She was highly accomplished both in per.son and mind; and e.sti- mating her character by the events other reign, she will justly rank high among tho.se who have sat on the English throne. Under her ans|»ices, the I'rotcstant religion was first e.slablifihed ; liicfions rejjresscd ; the government slniigtheiied ; a navy Created ; commerce rendered flourishing ; and the national charactir aggrandized. She died in 1602, and was succeeded by James VI. of Scotland and I. of England.

3

26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1585.

bay of St. John's, in Newfoundland, where he found thirty- six fishing vessels. Here he landed and took possession of the country in the name of his sovereign, and made some preparations for establishing a colony ; but being in want of provisions, he and his company were compelled to return. On their way back, the vessel in which he sailed foundered, and all on board perished.

10. In 1584, Sn- Walter Raleigh* obtained from Eliza- beth a patent similar to the one granted to Gilbert. Under this commission he sent out two ships to America, com- manded by Amidas and Barlow, to examine the countiy they intended to settle. They landed at Roanoke, and spent some weeks in trafficking with the natives, by whom they were received with the greatest respect and hospitality. On their return, they gave so flattering an account of the country, that the queen called it Virginia.! This name was afterward applied to the whole coast.

11. In 1585, Raleigh sent out a squadron of seven ships, carrying 107 persons, and every thing necessary to begin a settlement, under Sir Richard Grenville. He left them on Roanoke island, under the care of Ralph Lane, and returned to England. The settlers, however, instead of cultivating the ground, spent their time in searching for mines of gold and silver. On account of their lawless conduct while rambling through the country, many were destroyed by the

10. When did Raleigh obtain a patent ? Who were sent out under this commission ? Where did they land ? How were they treated by the natives ? What was the country called on their return ? In honor of whom ? See note. To what was this name afterward applied ?

11, When did Raleigh send out another colony? Where did he leave them ? What did they do ? What became of many of them ? What of the survivors ? Who arrived shortly after ? What did he do ?

* Sir Walter Raleigh, (Raw-le,) a distinguished warrior, statesman, and writer) •was born in Uevonshire, in 1552. He performed eminent services for Queen Eliza- beth, particularly in the discoverv of the country now called Virginia, and in the defeat of the Spanish Armada. He lived in great honor and happiness during her reign. But his sun set at her death. On the accession of James I. he was much persecuted, and accused of high treason. Though reprieved, he remained a pris- oner twelve years in the tower of London. He Avas afterward commissioned to Ro and explore the gold mines of Guiana ; but shortly after his return he was basely condemned on his former sentence of treason, and beheaded in 1618. He is said to have first introduced toliacco into Europe.

t Virginia signifies the land of a virgin^ so called in honor of the nirgin or un- married Queen Ehzabeth.

1G02. DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA. 27.

Indians, and others perished with hunger. Reduced to great distress for want of provisions, the survivors were taken to England by Sir Francis Drake,* on his return from the West Indies. Shortly after their departure, Sir Richard Grenville arrived with ample supphes of men and provisions. Not finding the former colony, he left fifteen of his crew to retain possession of the island, and returned to England.

12. In 1587, Raleigh, not discouragad by his ill success, dispatched three vessels, under the command of Capt. White, with 150 men. On their arrival at Roanoke, the little company left by Grenville was not to be found. They probably had been killed by the Indians. White left 117 persons, and returned to England to obtain farther supplies. Buf in consequence of the war then existing between that country and Spain, three years elapsed before any supplies were sent to the colony. When they arrived, no vestige of the settlers remained. All had perished. Thus ended the exertions of Raleigh to plant a colony in America.

13. Discouraged by these successive misfortunes, the English for some years made no further attempt to plant a colony in the new world. In 1G02, Bartholomew Gosnold made a voyage, discovered and named Cape Cod,t landed on the coast, and visited the adjacent islands. After trading some time with the Indians, he returned and gave so favor- able an account of the country, that a more extensive plan of colonization was devised than had before been attempted.

14. By the influence of Richard Hakluyt,t nn association

12. What was done in 1.587? What probably became of those left by Grenville ? What did White do ? How long before supplies were sent to the colony ? What had become of the settlers in the mean time ?

13. How were the Englkh affected by these misfortunes? When did Gos- nold make a voyage ? What did he discover ? On his return, what took place ?

* Sir Francis Drake, a distinguished naval hero, was born in Devonshire, Eng- land, 154.5. He made his name immortal by a voyage into the Pacific ocear^through the straits of Magellan, and by completing a voyage round the globe. lie was dis- tinguished for his expeditions and victories over the Spaniards. He died, after having rendered the most eminent services to his country by hi.s bravery and sicill, in 1.597, on board of his own ship, in the West Indies. He first introduced potatoes into Kurope from South America.

t When Gosnold arrived near this cape, in 1602, he caught a great quantity of cod- fish, and from this circumstance he named it Cape Cod.

t Richard Hakloyt was born in England, in 1553. He was famous for his knowl-

28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1603.

of gentlemen was formed for the purpose of establishing colonies in America. Upon their application to King James,* in 1606, he divided the territory lying between the 34th and the 45th degrees of north latitude, extending from Cape Fear to Halifax, into two districts, called JVorth and South Virpinia. The latter extended from the 34th to the 38th degree of north latitude, or from Cape Fear to the southern limit of JVhirjland, and the former from the 41st to the 45th degrees of north latitude. He established two companies, likewise, for the purpose of making settlements in those districts, called the London and Plymouth companies. South Virginia was granted to the London Company, and North Virginia to the Plymouth Company. The interme- diate district between North and South Virginia from 38 to 41 degrees, was open to the competition of both companies. 15. In 1603, Henrj^ IV.,t king of France, granted to De Monts, a gentleman of distinction, the sole jurisdiction of the country called Acadia, extending from the fortieth to the

14. By whose influence was an association formed? For what purpose? How did King .lames divide America ? What two companies did he estab- lish ? To which was North Virginia granted > 'Vo which South ?

15, 16. When did the king of Franco grant Acadia to De Monts ? When and where was the settlement made ? When was Quebec founded ? How did these French possessions affect the English colonies .'

edge of the naval history of his country. He published a collection of voyages and discoveries, which had a happy influence in turning the attention of the nation to maritime atTairs. He died in IGIG, and was buried in Westminster abbey, London.

* James I. of England and VI. of Scotlaml was the son of Mary, queeii of Scots, so famous for her beaiuy, wit, learning, and mistoriunes. He was born at Edin- burgh castle, in 1566. The following year, his mother being forced to relinquish the throne, he was solemnly crowned at Stirling, with the title of James VI. of Scot- land. On the death of Queen Elizabeth, in 10(i;{, he succeeded to the crown of Eng- land under the title of James 1. Several conspiracies were formed to destroy him and overturn the government, the most noted of which was the famous gunpowder plot, concerted in 161)5. the objecr of which was to blow up the king and parliament. See the Easy Keaiier. puge 65. During his reign, thi Bible was translated into English. He died in \&2'\ and was succeeded by Charles I. James was not desti- tute of abilities or good intentions, but owing to his vanity and weakness of temper, lie was neither bt loved ut home, nor respected abroad.

t Henry IV. of France was born at Pan in 155;3. His riirht to the throne was dis- puted bacausehe wasa Protestant. After the massacre of St. Uarlholomew, in 1572, he signalized himself as a .soldier and general, and gained several victories over his enemies. Convinced that he should never enjoy quiet possession of the Fi-ench throne without professing the Catholic faith, he embraced that religion in 1593, and was solemnly anointed king at Chartres in 1594. Having overcome the toreign ene- mies of his country, he succeeded in restoring the internal prosperity of his kingdom. He paid 330 millions of the national debt, and laid up 40 millions in the treasury. He sought by every means in his power to render his subjects prosperous and happy. But notwithstanding this, several conspiracies were formed to overtlirow the gov-

1C08. DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA. 29

forty-sixth degree of north latitude, or from Delaware bay to the gulf of St. Lawrence. The next year, Dc Monts sailed with two vessels, and arrived on the coast of Nova Scotia in May. After spending- some time in examining the coasts, and trafficking with the natives, he erected a fort on an island at the rnouth of the St. Croix river, and there passed the winter. The spring following, he formed a settlement in Nova Scotia, near the bay of Fundy, which he named Port Royal — now called Annapolis. This was the first per- manent settlement of the French in AiTierica.

IG. In 1608. De Monts fitted out two vessels for the pur- pose of forming a settlement in Acadia, and placed thern under the command of Samuel Charnplain, an experienced nav- igator and able commander. Charnplain sailed from France in April, and in June ascended the St. Lawrence, and laid the foundation of the city of Gluebec. These possessions of t?ie French proved the source of innumerable calamities to the English colonies, until the peace of 1763. between France and Enjrland.

ernmerit, and it is gaid twenty-two attempts were made to aBeasRJnate him. bat with- out effiict. On a certain day, in 1010, however, an he waK ridin!^ through the streetfl of Parif. his coaf;h was obblrucfed by two wagons. A fanatic named Ravaillac took advantas'e of this moment tf» perpetrate a lonfr-meditated d'.ed. He mounted the step of the coach, and plunged a long two-tfli^ed knife twice into the heart of Henry, and thus ended the career of the best king France ever liad. The benevolent mind of Henry, his paternal love to hig subjects, his great achievements, his candor, and sincerity, have preserved his memory in the hearts of the nation, and his royal ex- pression, "I wish that every peasant mit'ht have a fowl in his pot on Hundavs." stili lives in the mouth.s of the people. Ravaillac, his murderer, was put to death by the moat excruciating tortures.

3*

HISTORY

THE UNITED STATES,

SITUATION OF AMERICA IN A.D. 1607.

PERIOD II.

Comprises the events that occurred from the settlement of Jamestown, 1607, to the Declaration of Independence, 1776.

1. Soon after the London Company had obtamed their charter, they sent three ships to America, under the com- mand of Capt. Newport, with one hundred and five persons,

What events are comprised in period second '! "What was the situation of the country in 1607? What is represented by the cut?

1. What is said of the London Company? For what place did they sail ? When and where was the first English settlement made ? What was it called, and how long was this after the settlement of Florida by the Spaniards ? See page 25, v. 7.

160Y. SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 31

and every thing necessary for establishing a colony. They sailed for Roanoke, but were fortunately driven by a storm into Chesapeake bay. They were so much pleased with the surrounding country, that they determined to settle on the river Powhattan, which they named James river. On the 23d of May, 1607, they landed and began a settlement, and in honor of their sovereign, called it Jamestown.* This was the first permanent English settlement in America.

2. The colonists soon began to experience various calam- ities, many of which they had not anticipated. Disputes and jealousies arose among their rulers. f They suffered much from want of provisions, disease, and the hostility of the Indians. In less than four months from the time of their landing fifty of their number had perished. Discouraged by these afflictions, they were anxious to return to England.

3. In this state of despondency, one of their numbet, named John Smith,}: a very extraordinary man, undertook to manage the affairs of the colonjr. He established order

2. What did the colonists soon experience? What arose among their rulers? From what causes did they suffer? How soon had fifty of their number perished?

* Jamestown, on James river, thirty-two miles above its mouth. It is now in ruins, and almost desolate. Two or three old houses, the ruins of an old steeple, a churchyard, and faint marks of a rude fortifications, are the only memorials of its former importance.

t The government of the colony was formed in England before it sailed. It was to consist of a president and a council of seven persons. The names of these persons, and the code of laws lor the government of the colony, were carefully concealed in a box, and given to Capt. Newport, at the time of sailing, with orders not to open it until twenty-four hours after landing. It was opened oh the 24th of May, and found to contain the names of Bartholomew Gosnold, John Smith, Edward Wingfield, Christopher Newport, John Ratcliffe, John Martin, and George Kendall. Mr. Wing- field, an unprincipled, ambitious man, was chosen president, but was soon after de- posed for misconduct, and John Ratcliffe chosen in his place.

X Capt. John Smith, the father of Virginia, was born at Willoughby, in Lincoln- shire, England, in 1579. From his earliest youth he displayed a roving disposition, and was delighted with bold and adventurous feats among his companions. At the age of thirteen he was apprenticed to a merchant, but quit his master in his fifteenth year, and traveled through France, Netherlands, Egypt, and Germany. He after- ward entered into the service of the emperor of Austria against the Turks. By his skill, bravery, and exploits, he obtained the command of 250 honsemen. At the siege of Regal, the Turks sent a challenge to the Austrians, stating, that the lord Turbisha, for the diversion of the ladies of the place, would fight any single captain of the Christian troops. Smith accepted the challenge, and meeting his antagonist on horseback, in view of the ladies on the battlements, killed him, and bore away his head in triumph to his general. Crualgo, a friend of Turbisha, upon this sent a par- ticular challenge to Smith. He at once accepted it. They met, and Smith was again the victor ; he bore off his head in triumph. Smith now sent a message into ihe town, informing the ladies that if they wished for more sport of a similar kind,

82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 160S.

among them, built comfortable houses for them to live in, fortified their little settlement, procured provisions of the na- tives, and inspired all with confidence. Thus the settlers were able to subsist until they received assistance from England.

4. In 1608, Capt. Newport arrived with 120 new settlers, and a supply of provisions. This was a source of great joy to the httle colony. But their prospects were soon overcast ; for about this time they discovered in the bed of a small river near Jamestown, a shining substance which they sup- posed to be gold-dust. A sort of universal phrensy was ex- cited by this discovery. " Immediately," says Smith, " there was no thought, no discourse, no hope, and no work, but to dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, and load gold." Smith used all his influence to convince them of their folly ; but to no purpose. A vessel was loaded with this useless commo- dity, and sent to England. On its arrival there, the cargo was examined, and found to be nothing but mud, filled with small pieces of shining stone.

3. Can you give some account of John Smith ? See note. What did he do for the colony ?

4. Who arrived in 1608? What occurred about this time? What does Smith say ? What did tlie people do ? What did it prove to be ? Is that all gold which shines or glistens ?

they must procure another champion. Bonamalgro soon appeared, and after a short but severe contest, in which bmith nearly lost his life, the huge Turk was slain, and his head was added to the number of the others. He was afterward taken pris- oner bv the Turks; but by killmg his master, he escaped into Russia, and returned to England. He joined the expedition lifted out by the London Company, to make a settlement in America, and was named as one of the council of the colony. On their passage to America, disputes arose among the emigrants, and by his superior talents, Smith excited the envy of the principal persons on board, and he was unjustly con- fined and kept a close prisoner during the rest of the voyage. After the planting of the colony at Jamestown, he was released from confinement, but excluded from the council. He was afterward tried, and lionoi'ably acquitted of all the charges brought against him, and admitted to his seat as a meinber of the council. After the election of Ratcliffe, the whole weight of the administration devolved on Smith, and all would have perished with hunger, but for his exertions in procuring corn of the Indians. This he obtained, sometimes by purchase, sometimes by caresses, and olten by stratagem and force. Unable to procure corn on a certain occasion, he seized the Indian idol Okee, made of skins stutfed with moss ; for the redemption of which as much corn was brought to him as he demanded. He often made long excursions into the wilderness for the purpose of exploring the country, and procuring corn of the natives. In one of these, attended only by an Indian guide, he was suddenly sur- rounded by a numerous body of savages, and after a brave defense, was taken pris- oner. His exulting captors conducted him in triumph to Powhattan, the principal chieftain of Virginia. After many ceremonies and consultations, they decided to put him to death. They looked upon him as a man wkose courage and abilities

1609. . SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 33

5. In consequence of their neglecting to cultivate the ground, they suffered much, the following winter, from want of provisions, and from disease. Their storehouse was acci- dentally burned, and they were reduced to great distress. The next year they received a supply of necessaries, and seventy new settlers were added to their number ; among whom were several persons of distinction.

6. In 1609, the London Company obtained a new charter, granting greater powers and privileges than the former. They soon after sent out nine ships, with nine hundred emi- grants, to Virginia. The vessel, on board of which were the officers appointed to govern the colony, was unfortunately driven by a storm upon the Bermuda islands.* The others arrived safely. Most of the persons who came in these were of a vicious character. They at first refused to submit to the authority of Smith, and by this means threw the colony into great confusion. Smith determined, however, that he would be obeyed until the arrival of the officers that were appointed to succeed him. He accordingly seized upon the leaders of the sedition, and put them in prison. By this means order was again restored.

5. How was the colony affected by this conduct ? What happened the next year?

6. What took place in 1609? What did they do soon after? What hap- pened to one vessel ? Who were on board ? What is said of the others ?

What of Smith?

were particularly dangerous to the safety of the Indians. He was accordingly led forth to exectition. His head was placed upon a stone, and a war-club presented to Powhattan, who claimed the honor of beiu": his executioner. As the chief raised the club to give the fatal blow, Pocahontas, his favorite daughter, rushed through the crowd, and clasped the head of Smith in her arms, laid her own upon it, and en- treated her father to spare his life. Powhattan was amazed. His heart was touched. He let fall the club, and set Smith at liberty, and soon after had him con- ducted in safety to .Jamestown. Smith was several times chosen president of the council, and by his example and severity he rendered the colonists exceedingly in- dustrious. Several young gentlemen in the colony, indignant that //tey should be compelled to work, often gave vent to their feelings in expressions of impatience and profanensss. Smith caused the numbei: of their oaths to be noted daily, and at night he had as many cans of water poured into the sleeve of each, as he had taken oaths during the day. This discipline had so hapny an effect that scarcely an oath was heard in a week, and it perfectly restored the subjects of it to good humor. After many other adventures, Smith died in London, in 1651, in the 52d year of his age. For all his services and sufferings he never received any recompense.

' Bermuda islands, a cluster of small islands in the Atlantic ocean. They are in number about 400, but most of them so small and barren, that they have neither in- habitant nor name. They were first discovered by Juan Bermudas, a Spaniard, in 1522. The air is so healthy that sick people from the United States frequently go

S4

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1609.

POCAHONTAS H A. S T K N 1 NO TO 1 N K 0 K M SMITH (IF T H i: C (1 N S P I K \ C Y .

7. About this time, the Indians, fearing that the white people would become too powerful, concerted a plot to destroy them all. Pocahontas* heard of it, and resolved to save

7. What did the Indians fear? What did tliry do? How was the colony saved ? Caii you give some account of the life and ohaiaotor of Pocahontas ? See note.

Uiither for the recovery of their health. The winter is hardly perceptible, and the seasons may be said to be perpetual spring. The inhabitants gather two crops of Indian coin in a year, one in July, and the other in December. These islands he abovu r>00 miles irom Cape Fear, in North Carolina. I'opulation about S(XX).

* Pocahontas, duujihter of Powhattan, a celebrated Indian Avarrior, in Virginia, was born about 15'.)"). She discovered the warmest tVieuilship fur the Englisirwho colouized Virijinia, and was en\iueutly useful to the seiileiuent. The first remarka- ble instance of this attachment was displayeil in U'H)8, iu |neserving the life of Cnpt. John Smith, as explained iu a previous note. Fnun this time she frequently visited the settlements olthe whites, to whom she furuislied provisiout; ai tinu^s when they were particularly ueedeil. In 1612, Pocahontas liavinir iucuried the resentnu>nt of her father, probably on accoinit of her attachmeul to the whites, lelt her home, and visited the territories of .lopazows, chief of the Potomacs. Capt. Ariroll, having s;iiled up the Potomac river, on a trading voyage, prevailed ou .lopazows, by the tempting otler of a copper kettle, to surrender her to him. He detained and carried her to Jamestown, presuming that Powhattan would do no hurt to the English while they retained possession of his daughter. Hut the noble hearted chief feU in- dignant at the treachery of the whites, and refuseil to listen to any terms of peace till Pocahijntas Avas restored During iier detention at Jatnestown, Mr. Thomas Rolfe, an Englishman of respectable character, became aft.iched to her. and ottered her his hand. It was accepted, ami the consent of Powhattan being obtained, the marriage was solemnized with great pomp, in presence of the \uu-le of Pocahontas, and her two brothers. This event relieved the colony iVom the enmity of Powhat- tan, and preserved peace between them for many years. In UilG, she embarked with her husband lor England. She was received by the king and queen with the

10 11. . SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 35

thorn. Accordingly, one dark and storrny nig"ht, she has- tened to Jamestown, anrl informed Smith of his danger. He immediately took measures to put the colony in a state of defense. The Indians, perceiving that their design was dis- covered, gave up the project.

8. Soon after, Smith received a severe wound, and returned to England to procure the aid of a surgeon. The most un- happy consequences followed. The Indians perceiving the absense of the man they feared, attacked the colony with united forces. They cut off all supphes, and thus reduced the settlers to the greatest extremity.

9. Such was their wretched condition, that they devoured the skins of their horses, the bodies of the Indians they had killed, and at last the flesh of their dead companions. 'I'his period was long remembered by the name of " the STARVING Ti.ME." In six mooths their number was reduced from more than five hundred to sixty ; and these feeble and dejected. While the colonists were in this situation, the persons who had been wrecked on the Bermudas arrived.

10. All immediately determined to return to England. For this purpose they embarked and sailed down the river. Fortunately, however, they were met by Lord Delaware, w?io had been appointed governor of Virginia, with supplies of men and provisions. He persuaded them to return to Jamestown, and by a judicious exercise of authority, he re- stored order anrl contentment, and for several years the affairs of the colony continued in a prosperous condition.

11. In 1611, Lord Delaware, in consequence of ill health.

8. What is said of Smith soon after? What was the consequence ? What did the Indians do?

9. What was the condition of the colony? What was this period called? How much was their number reduced ? What happened now?

10. What did they all do ? Whom did they meet ? Wliat did he do ?

1 1 . W'hat took place in IGl I ? What is said with regard to private property 1 The effect of this plan ?

attention due to her rank. While in London she received a visit from her former frienrl, Capt. Smith. Her residence among civilized men was rlestined, however, to be short. While about to emb.'irk from Gravesend, witli her hu.sbarirj, and an infant son. to return to Virginia, ?tie 'Ik-A at the atfe of twenty-two. Her son was educated m London, and from him are descfended sc^me of the mo^ respectable families in Virginia.

36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1619.

returned to England, and was succeeded by Sir Thomas Dale. Public authority was now rigidly enforced- Hith- erto no right of private property inland had been established. The fields that had been cleared were cultivated by the joint labor of the whole, and the produce w\is deposited in public stores, and shared in common. This plan of pro- ceeding presented but few inducements to industry. The idle and improvident trusted entirely to what was distributed from the common stores.

12. To remedy these evils. Sir Thomas divided a consid- erable portion of land into lots of three acres each, and granted one of these to each individual, to be his own property. The happy effects of this measure were soon so manifest, that another assignment of fifty acres to each one ■was made, and the plan of working in a common field was entirely abandoned. From this time the colony rapidly in- creased and improved. In 1616, they began to cultivate tobacco, a plant which was first found in that soil, and became the great staple of Virginia.

13. Thus far the afiairs of the colony had been managed by a governor and council, appointed by the London Com- pany, and from 1611 they had been under martial law, like a garrison of soldiers. 13ut the people had become dissatis- fied with this state of things. They longed to enjoy the rights and privileges to which they had been accustomed in their native country. To gratify this noble desire of the colonists, governor Yeardley, in 1619, called a general assem- bly, consisting of representatives from the several plantations or boroughs. It met at Jamestown on the 19th of .Tune, and was the first legislative assembly ever held in America.

14. The colony hitherto consisted almost entirely of men who came f(5r the purpose of acquiring wealth, and who in- tended to return airain to England. But in order to attach

12. What was done to remedy these evils? The effect of this measure? Tobacco — when first cultivated ? Where found ?

13. How had the colony been governed tlms far ? How from 1611 ? Were the people satisfied? What was dcnie in 1019? What met this year? Where ? What is the object of such an assembly ? Ans. To make laws, and regulate all civil affairs.

14. What was true of the colony hitherto ? What was done to attach the men to the soil ? The price of a wife ?

1622.

SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA.

37

NINETY OIIILS LM'OSED FOR SALE

them more to the soil, and to induce them to regard this as their home — the abode of their posterity — in 1620, the company sent over ninety girls, to be disposed of among the young planters for wives. At first, the price of a wife was one hundred pounds of tobacco, but the demand for them in- creased so much, that it soon rose to one hundred and sixty pounds.

15. The same year, a Dutch vessel arrived at Jamestown with twenty Africans, and offered them for sale as slaves. They were purchased by the people. These were the first slaves brought into the country, and thus was laid the foundation for that system of slavery which now exists in the United Slates. Emigrants continued to arrive from England, and the settlements were widely extended. The colony was now advancing on the full tide of prosperity. But it was destined soon to experience a sudden and dread- ful reverse of fortune.

16. The Indians, though apparently friendly, secretly formed a plan for the total destruction of the English. On

15. When were slaves first introduced? What was thus laid ? What do you understand by slavery ? The condition of the colony at that time ?

16. What is said of the Indians ? What did they do ? How were some of the settlements saved ?

4

88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1C36.

the 22d of May, 1622, the savages burst forth upon the settlements, and murdered the whites without distinction of age or sex. 'I'he whole colony would have been cut off, had not a friendly Indian given notice of the plot, in time to put Jamestown, and a few neighboring settlements, on their guard.

17. The English were roused to vengeance by this horrid scene. They attacked the Indians with fire and sword ; burnt theil" wigwams ; pursued them from forest to forest ; killed multitudes of them, and drove the remainder far into the wilderness. By means of this dreadful calamity, the settlements of the colony were reduced from 80 to 8 ; and in 1624, out of 9,000 persons, who had been sent from Eng- land, only 1,800 were living.

18. These misfortunes and difficulties induced King James, in 1624, to dissolve the London Company, and take the government of the colony into his own hands. He appointed a governor and twelve counselors ; 3'et, in the domestic government of the colony, this produced no imme- diate change. The popular assemblies were continued and the rights of the people respected. Under the administration of Wyatt and Yeardlej^ the colon^^ prosperetl and rose in public estimation. In one year a thousand emigrants arrived, and there was an increasing demand for all the products of the soil. But in 1036 the people became so disgusted with the haughty and arbitrary conduct of Sir John Harvey, their governor, that they seized him and sent him prisoner to England.

19. King Charles* was so much displeased with this act

17. What did the English do ? How was the colony affected by this calamity?

18. What was done in IG34 ? To whom was all authority committed ? How long did the colonies submit? What did they then do? What did King Charles do ?

19. What w as done in 1639 ? Character of Berkley ? What was restored f How did this affect the people ?

* Chiirlos I. ascended the throne of Enirland in 1625, on the death of his father, James 1. Tlie impolitic course that he pursued at the commencement oi" his reign e-xcited much popular discontent and party prejudice, which resulted in a civil war. The forces of the kin": were defeated, and he was taken prisoner. Shortly after, he was tried before a self-created court of his subjects, and condemned aiid executed in 1648. From the death of Charles I. to the elevation of his son Charles II. to the throne in 1C60, the government of England was administered by Oliver Cromwell.

I

1652. SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 39

of the coloni.sts, that he sent Harvey back, with full power to govern as before. In 1639, however. Sir William Berk- ley, a man distinguished for the mildness of his temper and gentleness of his manners, was appointed to succeed Harvey in the government of the colony. This gave great satisfac- tion to the people, and under his wise and judicious admin- istration they enjoyed many years of peace and prosperity.

20. In 1652, Cromwell, who was then at the head of government in England, sent a strong force to compel the governor of Virginia to acknowledge his authority. After a brave resistance, Berkley was obliged to submit. For several years, governors were appointed by Cromwell, and oppressive restrictions were imposed upon the colonists. At length, the people renounced the authority of their oppres- sors, and again conferred the office of governor upon Berk- ley, who was still residing in the colony.

21. Soon after this event, news arrived that Cromwell* was dead, and that Charles II. f was on the throne of Eng- land. The authority of Berkley was confirmed by the king, but the rights of the people were little regarded. Large tracts of land belonging to the colony were granted to the favorites of Charles. This produced great excitement in Virginia, and resulted in all the horrors of civil war. The

20. Give some account of Cromwell ? See note. What did he do in 1652? Berkley ? What wa.s true for several years ? What did the people do?

21. What news arrived soon after? What is said of Berkley? Of the rights of the people ? What was done ? The effect in Virginia ? Who led the opposing party ? What did he do ?

* Oliver Cromwell, one of the most powerful characters of any aj^e or nsition, was born at Huntingflori, Eneland, in 1.599. With the sword in one hand and the Bible in the other, he raised the storrny elements of political and reliifious fanaticjam, and ruled thern at his will. Brave, cool, and artful, he devised the bold'-fet plans with a quickness equaled only by their execution. No obstacle deterred him ; and he was never at a loss for expedients. Calm an/J reserved, but full of great projects, he patiently waited for the favorable moment, arui failed not to make use of it. After the execution of Charles I. he assumed the title of" Protector of the Common- wealth of Eii^land.'- For several years he administered the affairs of the nation with j^reat vigor, success, and ability. He died in 16.%. lie was a^Jmired. feared, and calumniate<I by his contemporaries, but his character has been more truly appreciated by posterity, and he is now looked upon as one of those wonderful geniuses that the world has seldom seen.

+ Charles II. was born in 1630. He was in Holland at the time of the death of hia father, Charles I. He was restored to the throne in WA). He wfts one of the most hypocritical, licentious, immoral, and profligate kings that ever disgraced the crown of England. He died in 1685, and wa« succeeded by his brother, James H.

40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1G09.

opposing party was swayed by the eloquence of a young and ambitious lawyer, by the name of Nathaniel Bacon. He was elected general, and arrayed himself with 600 armed men against the governor and council.

22. Hostilities continued for several months ; during which, Jamestown was reduced to ashes, and the crops in the fields were laid waste. Troops at length arrived from England, who, on the death of Bacon, which occurred soon after, put an end to the disturbance and restored Berkley to power. Manj^ of the rebels were tried and executed. The assembly, however, soon after interfered, and by wise and salutary laws succeeded in restoring peace and harmony among the colonists.

23. The majority of the people of Virginia were for a long time opposed to slavery ; and laws were passed to pre- vent it. But the selfish policy of the kings and proprietors in England, encouraged the introduction of slaves, and the evil could not be resisted by the colonists. Virginia, on ac- count of her favorable situation, suffered less from Indian warfare than some of her sister colonies. In 1688, her pop- ulation had increased to 60,000. Other interesting events which occurred in Virginia will be recorded in the course of the history.

NEW YORK.

1. In 1609, Heniy Hudson,* an Englishman in the ser- vice of the Dutch East India Company, discovered the Hud-

22. What was the consequence ? What put an end to the disturbance ? What was done to the rebels ? How long did the work of death continue ?

23. What is said of the greater part of the peoj;le ? What encouraged slav- ery ? What else is said of Virginia ? Population in 1688 ? Where will other events be recorded? How is the state of Virginia bounded?

• Henry Hudson was an eminent English navigator. He marie two voyajres to dia- cover a northwest passage to Ciiina, la the service of a company of London mer- chants, but being unsuccessful, in 16D9 he went over to Holland, and luidertook a third voyage under the patronage of the Dutch East India Company. During this voj'age he discovered the Hudson river, and sailed along the coast to tlie 44'' of N. latitude. In 1010, he sailed on his fourth and last voyage. He discovered the large bay in the northern part of America, named after him, Hudson's Bay. Here he spent the winter, and in the spring, being unable to revictual his ship, with tears in

1613,

SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK.

41

II K ^ K Y H L 1»

JUVEKI.NU THE HUDI

son river, and ascended it about IGO miles. In consequence of this discovery, the Dutcli laid claim to a large extent of territory on both sides of this river, and called it Nev) Neth- erlands. In 1613, several Dutch merchants erected a fort where Albany now stands, which they named Fort Orange. The next year, they built several trading houses on the island of Manhattan, now called New York, to which they gave the name of Nevj Amsterdam.

2. The English regarded the Dutch as intruders, and in the same year. Captain Argal from Virginia, with a fleet of three ships, visited these settlements on the Hudson, de- manded a surrender of the fort, and claimed the territory, as

1 . Wlien and by whom was the Hudson river discovered ? Who laid claim to the territory ? When was the first settlement made in New York ? What was it then called ?

2. From what country did the Dutch come ? How did the English regard the Dutch ? What did Capt. Argal do ? How mnch territory did the Dutch claim ?

his eyes, he distributed his little remaining bread to his men, and prepared to return. Having a rlissatisfied and mutinous crew, in his une£isiness and despair, it is said, he used some hard expressions, and threatened to set some of them ashore. Upon which a body of them entered his cabin at night, tied his arms behind him, and put him, with his son, John Hudson, and seven of the most sickly of the crew, into a boat, and set them adrift. They were never more heard of A small part of the crew, after enduring incredible hardships, arrived the next year in England.

4*

42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1664.

properly constituting a part of Virginia. The number of the Dutch being small, they submitted without resistance. But the next year a new governor arrived from Holland, and the Dutch renounced the authority of the English, and re- tained possession until 1664. They erected a fort on the Delaware, and one also at the mouth of the Connecticut, and laid claim to all the territory between these rivers.

3. The Dutch were soon molested by the Indians, In 1646, a severe battle was fought at a place called Strick- land plain, in which the savages were defeated with great slaughter. At this time, disputes existed between the Dutch and the colonies of New Haven and Connecticut. In 1650, a treaty was made at Hartford, by which the Dutch relin- quished their claim to the territory of these colonies, except the small part which they then occupied.

4. In 1655, Stuyvesant,* the Dutch governor, with a fleet of seven ships, attacked and subdued the Swedes, who had settled on the west side of the Delaware river. But the Dutch soon had to encounter again their old enemy, the English. In 1664, Charles II. granted to his brother, the Duke of York and Albany, all New England, and the terri- tory then in the possession of the Dutch. A squadron soon appeared in New York harbor, under the command of Col- onel Nichols.

5. The Enghsh immediately demanded a surrender of the town, and promised to secure to the inhabitants the rights of life and property. Governor Stuyvesant determined to resist ; but at length the inhabitants constrained him to sub- mit. The English took possession Sept. 8, 1664, and in honor of the duke, called the town New York. Soon after,

3. What took place in 1646 ? In 1650?

4. What took place in 1655 ? In 1664 ? Who commanded the fleet sent against the Dutch ?

5. What demand was made ? Was the town surrendered ? Wliat name •was given to the toA^Ti of New Amsterdam ? What was Fort Orange called ? When was New York made a city ?

■• Peter Stuyvesant was the last Dutch srovernor of New York. He began his ad- ministration in 1647. He was a good soldier, and skillful commander. He remained in the country at^er its surrender to the English, and at his death was buried in a chapel on his own farm, a few miles from New York.

1684. . SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. 43

Fort Orange was taken, and named Albany. Nichols now- assumed the government of the country, and under his mild and liberal administration, New York, in 1665, was made a city, which is now the grand metropolis of the western world.

6. In 1673, shortly after war was declared between Eng- land and Holland, a Dutch fleet arrived at Staten Island, and by the treachery of John Manning, commander of the fort, was permitted to enter the harbor of New York with- out resistance. The Dutch immediately took possession of the city ; but soon the news of peace arrived, and the coun- try was again restored to the English, The Duke of York obtained of his brother, Charles I., a new title of this prov- ince, and appointed Sir Edmund Andross governor over all his dominions in America. Sir Edmund's administration was distinguished for nothing but a course of tyranny.

7. The people of the colony, at length, became discon- tented under the arbitrary regulations imposed upon them ; and in 1682, they were first permitted to take part in the government. An assembly, consisting of a council of ten, appointed by the duke, and of eighteen representatives, chosen by the people, met in October, and were allowed to make all the laws of the colony. The laws, however, could not be enforced, until approved by the duke.

8. At this time there were five nations of Indians in the interior of New York, who had united together for mutual defence. With these nations the English formed an alli- ance. De la Barre, the governor of Canada, being jealous of this union, in 1684, marched with an army of 1,700 men, to subdue these Indians. After suffering much in their march, the French arrived and encamped near them.

9. In addressing the chiefs of the nation, the governor accused them of conspiring with the English against the

6. State what took place in 1673? What do you think of John Manning's conduct? What took place soon after? Who was appointed governor by the Duke of York? For what was his administration distinguished ?

7. When was the first assembly held ?

8. How many nations of Indians were there in New York at that time? What took place in 1684?

9. Of what did De la Barre accuse the Indians ? What wa.s the result ? What did the French afterward do ?

44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1689.

French ; and threatened them with a war of extermination. One of the chiefs repHed in a spirit so bold and independent, that the French made peace with the Indians and returned to Canada. A large force was afterward sent against them, but being overpowered bj the savages, the French were again defeated in their object. Their attempts only strengthened the hostility of the Indians.

10. The Duke of York, on the death of his brother, Charles II., in 1685, succeeded to the throne of England, under the title of James II.* The king was a Roman Cath- oHc, and exerted his power and influence in favor of promot- ing that religion in the colony. This was a source of alarm to the inhabitants, and excited their vigilance in behalf of their religion.

11. Jn 1689, James was dethroned by William, Prince of Orange. f The people of New York now conspired against their oppressive magistrates. Jacob Leisler displayed so much zeal in the cause, that about 500 militia joined him in opposing the government. The chief magistrate having left the colony, Leisler, by the favor of his party, was immedi- ately made governor. He now addressed King William by letter, acknowledging his authority, and professing firm alle- giance to his government.

12. Not long after this, a letter was received from Eng- land, conferring the authority of government " upon such as might at that time be in power." Leisler now assumed not only the authority but the title of lieutenant-governor. Many

10. What happened in 1685?

11, 12. What in 1689 ? What did Jacob Leisler do ?

* James 11. succeeded his brother, Charles II., in 1685. His valor, clemency, and liberality had endeared him to the English nation; but the virtues of the private man unfortunately disappeared in the king. He had no sooner ascended the throne than he became arbitrai-y, cruel, and oppressive. He was a papist, and in his zeal to establish the Roman Catholic religion, he paid no regard to the opinions, prejudices, or rights of his subjects. The nation became dissatisfied, and invited William, Prince of Orange, who had married the king's daughter, to the throne. He imme- diately invaded the kingdom, and James, terrified at the success of his enemy, and the ingratitude of his courtiers, fled to France in 1688, where he died in 1701.

t William III. was born in Holland, in 1650. In 1672, he was elected stadtholder, and named general of the Dutch forces. In consequence of the unpopular and ar- bitrary measures of his father-in-law, James II., he succeeded in gaining possession of the English throne, and was acknowledged king of England in 1689, under the title of William III. He died in 1702, and was succeeded by Anne, daughter of James II. William was great as a politician, and formidable as a general.

1690.

SETTLEMENT OP NEW YORK.

45

DESTRUCTION OF SCHENliCTADY IN N.Y.

of the former magistrates, despising Leisler, and envious of his power, repaired to Albany, and raised a party to oppose his authority. Leisler sent Milborne, his son-in-law and counselor, with an army to enforce his authority at Albany. The attempt was successful. He broke up the party, and seized the property of their leaders.

13. In 1690, during the war between England and France, the French of Canada conspired with certain tribes of In- dians, for the destruction of the Enghsh settlements. On the 18th of February, a party attacked and destroyed the town of Schenectady. Unaware of their danger, the inhab- itants had retired to rest. At 1 1 o'clock the savages entered the town. Every house was soon surrounded, and a horrid yell broke the stillness of the night. The inhabitants sprang from their beds, found their dwellings in flames, and their doors guarded by the savage foe. Many, to escape from the fire, rushed forth half naked and unarmed, and were im- mediately cut down by the enemy. Women and children perished in the flames, or were butchered before their hus- bands and fathers, who were in the hands of the Indians.

13. What happened in 1690 ? Describe the attack upon Schenectady ? ■

46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1691.

14. Some escaped; but, naked and exposed to a terrible storm, many of them perished before thej could reach Al- bany, their nearest place of refuge. In this cruel assault, sixty were killed, twenty-seven made prisoners, and twenty- five lost their hands and feet by the cold. These and other savage cruelties led the English colonists to combine their forces against Canada. Sir William Phips,* with a large fleet, sailed up the St. Lawrence ; and an army proceeded from New York by land, as far as Lake Champlain. But owing to some mismanagement, this expedition entirely failed of success.

15. In 1691, King William appointed Colonel Henry Sloughter governor of New York. At this time, the colony needed a magistrate of talents and energy. Sloughter had neither. He was weak and vicious. Leisler disputed his authority ; but after several vain attempts to maintain his own power, he, with Melborne, were taken and condemned for high treason.

16. Sloughter at first refused to execute the sentence of the court; but at a feast, in a fit of intoxication, he was in- duced to sign the death-warrant, and they were executed. Their estates were afterward restored to their families, and their bodies were taken up by their party and buried with

14. How many were killed, taken prisoners, and lost their limbs by the cold? What led the English to combine their forces against Canada? What was the result of these expeditions ?

15. Who was appointed governor in 1691 ? What was Sloughter's charac- ter? What was the conduct of Leisler? What ought he to have done ?

16. How were Leisler and Milborne treated ? Ought they to have been ex- ecuted ? What was afterward done by their party ?

* Sir William Phips, governor of Massachusetts, was born at Perroquid, now Bristol, Maine, in 1651. His father was a gunsmith, in humble circumstances, and his mother had twenty-six children, of whom twenty-one were sons. After living in the wilderness till he was 18 years of age, he spent four years in learning the trade of a ship carpenter ; at the expiration of which time he went to Boston, and learned to read and write. Determining to seek his fortune upon the sea, in 1683 he sailed in search of a Spanish vessel which had been wrecked near the Bahama islands. After a variety of adventures, he di.=;covered it, and fished up gold, silver, pearls, and jewels, to'the value of three hundred thousand pounds sterling ; his own share of vvhich amounted only to 16,000^. He was, at this time, made a knight by King James H., and appointed high sheriff of New England. He died in England, in 1695. He was a blunt, honest man, ardent in every thing he undertook, open- hearted and generous, but rude in speech and manners. He ever exerted himself to promote the interests of New England,

1Y02. . SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. 47

great pomp, in the old Dutch church, in the city of New- York.

17. Sloughter died in 1691. He was succeeded the next year by Colonel Fletcher. Fletcher desired to promote among the Dutch inhabitants the use of the English lan- guage, and the interests of the English church. These ob- jects he recommended to the attention of the assembly. After much difficulty, a bill was passed encouraging educa- tion in the colony, and providing for the support of ministers of the gospel, who were to be chosen by the people.

18. In 1698, the Earl of Bellamont was made governor of the colony. At this time the American seas were in- fested with pirates. The earl proposed to send out a naval force against them ; but the assembly rejected the proposal. He then fitted out a private vessel, under the command of Captain Kidd,* who afterward became a notorious pirate.

19. Bellamont was succeeded, in 1702, by Lord Cornbury, son of the celebrated Earl of Clarendon. In his private character, Cornbury was vicious and contemptible; as a magistrate, he was tyrannical and prodigal of the people's money. Disgusted with his profligacy, and wearied with his oppressions, the people made complaint to Glueen Anne,t

17. Who succeeded Sloughter? What did Fletcher desire to do?

18. Who WHS appointed governor in 1698 ? With what were the American seas infested ? What did he propose to the assembly to do ? What did he do ? What is a pirate ? Ans. A robber on the seas.

19. Who succeeded Bellamont ? What was the character of Lord Corn- bury ? To whom did the people make complaint against Cornbury ? What was the consequence ?

* Capt. Kidd was a brave seaman and an able commander. Gov. BeIlan\ont being determined to clear the American seas of pirates, fitted out a vessel, and gave the command of it to Kidd. But after he had been out upon the ocean a few days, Kidd determined to become a pirate himself. He proposed the plan to his men, and they consented to it. Accordingly he went forth, and attacked and destroyed many vessels upon the Atlantic and Indian oceans, and became one of the mos^t fa- mous pirates that was ever known. After three years he returned, burned his ship, and went to Boston, foohshly imagining that no one would know him. As he was •walking the streets he was recognized, seized, and soon after sent to England, where he was tried for piracy, condemned, and executed. A great many stories have been told about Captain Kidd— how he buried pots and chests of gold along the coast, and hid vast treasures of silver. Many weak-minded persons have made a great many attempts to find this gold and silver, but without success. He and his men found ways enough to spend the money they took, without burying it. If you and I never have more money than Kidd buried, we shall have no trouble in taking care of it.

t Anne, daughter of James II., succeeded William III. as queen of England, in

48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1'732,

who was now on the throne of England. Cornbury was removed from office, and soon after seized by his creditors and thrown into prison.

20. In 1710, the queen appointed General Hunter govern- or of the colony. This year many Germans arrived and settled in New York. During Hunter's administration another attempt was made for the subjugation of Canada. An army of 4,000 men left Albany, and marched against Montreal. A large fleet proceeded up the St. Lawrence, but meeting with a violent storm, many of the ships were dashed upon the rocks, and the remainder returned to Eng- land. When this was made known to the army, the troops were disheartened, and the enterprise was abandoned.

21. In 1719, Hunter left the colony in a state of perfect harmonj^, and returned to Europe. His office was conferred Upon Wilham Burnet, son of the celebrated Bishop Burnet. At this time the French were erecting forts along the lakes and rivers, from Canada to the gulf of Mexico. Their pol- icy in this was, to cut off the fur trade of the English, and secure it all to themselves. Burnet endeavored to defeat their object, by building a fort at Oswego. He watched all the movements of the Indians, and sought to prevent then' union with the French.

22. After Burnet, the government of the colony devolved successively upon Colonel Montgomery, Rip Van Dam, and William Crosby. The latter arrived at New York in 1732. During his administration a prosecution was commenced,

20. Whom did Queen Anne appoint in 1710? What was the result of the expedition to Canada, during Hunter's administration?

21. When and in what state did Hunter leave the colony ? Who succeeded him?

22. Upon whom did the government devolve after Burnet? What took place during Crosby's administration ?

1702. In 1683, she married Prince George, brother to Christian V. of Denmark. Her talents were but moderate, but her rei^n forms a brilliant epoch in the English history, from the victories of Marlborough. Under her administration, England and Scotland were united under the name of Great Britain. She possessed the pe- culiar felicity of having for her ministers the ablest statesmen that eyer lived ; and among her subjects, the nuist learned, subUme, and elo<iueut writers in the walks of poetry, science, and general literature; and therefore Avith truth her reign has been denominated the Augustan age of England. She died in 1714, and was suc- ceeded by George I.

1743. . SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. 49

through his influence, against the editor of a newspaper, for pubhshing an offensive article. After a noble defense by Andrew Hamilton, the editor was acquitted, and Hamilton was greatly applauded by the citizens, who desired the en- tire liberty of the press.

23. After the death of Crosby, in 1736, George Clark was appointed lieutenant-governor. For many years a severe contest had existed between the governor and the house of representatives. The governor wished to have the control of the public money, and make such appropriations as he saw fit. On the other hand, the house contended that no money should be expended for any object which they did not approve. During Clark's administration the contest was maintained on both sides with a good deal of spirit, but the representatives prevailed.

24. At this time there were many negroes in the city of New York. Fires occurred frequently, and suspicion was excited against them. Some of them were detected in set- ting fire to buildings. It was now reported that they had formed a plot to burn the city, and intended to appoint a governor from their own number.

25. The people were terrified. About thirty negroes were seized and put to death. Two white men were tried and executed. When the alarm was over, the people began to reflect upon the character of the witnesses and their testi- mony. None of them were respectable ; and the evidence of a plot had all vanished. Terror and prejudice had led these magistrates to a course of manifest cruelty and in- justice.

26. In 1743, George Chnton, a man of eminent talents,

23. Who succeeded Crosby? What contest had existed? What was the result ?

24. What occurred frequently in New York at that time ? Who were de- tected in setting fire to buildings ? What was reported ?

25. How many negroes wej-e taken and put to death ? Do you think they ■were justly put to death ? Why ?

2(1 Who was appointed governor in 1743 ? What was projected during Clinton's administration? Why ? How many years since the Hudson river ■was discovered? What other name is often applied to this river now? Ans, North river. How many cities and large towns can you mention in the State of New York ? How is the State bounded ?

50 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1615.

was appointed governor. He soon secured the love and con- fidence of the people, and united their energies against the French and Indians. The frequent depredations of the en- emy upon the English settlements led to the project of another expedition against Canada ; but before the plan was carried into operation, peace was restored. For several years New York continued to enjoy uninterrupted prosperity.

MASSACHUSETTS.

1. The Plj'mouth Company, soon after its incorporation, in 1606, sent out a ship to make discoveries within the lim- its of its grant. This ship was taken by the Spaniards. In 1607, they sent out another vessel," with one hundred persons, for the purpose of establishing a colony at the mouth of the Kennebec river, in Maine. Discouraged by the dreary appearance of the country, fifty-five returned in the ship that brought them over. The remainder suffered so much during the winter, from hunger and cold, that they all returned the next year to England, in a vessel that came to bring them provisions. The company, disappointed and disheartened, for several years made no further attempts to effect a settle- ment.

2. In 1614, Capt. John Smith, in the service of the Ply- mouth Company, explored the coast from Penobscot river to Cape Cod. He drew a map of his discoveries, and, on his return, presented it to Prince Charles, who was so much pleased with Smith's glowing descriptions of the country, that he gave it the name of New England. In 1615, Smith attempted to plant a colony on this part of the coast, but was unsuccessful ; and all subsequent attempts to form a settle- ment failed, until the arduous business was undertaken by

1. What two companies were incorporated in 1606 ? What did the Ply- mouth Company do the same year ? Where did they attempt to form a settle- ment ? What was the result ?

2. What was done in 1614? Was this the same Capt. Smith that acted so conspicuous a part in the settlement of Virginia ? Ans. It was. By whom was New England named ?

1620.

SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS.

51

men who were influenced by higher motives than the love of gain or of perilous adventure.

3. The first settlers of New England were called Puri- tans,* in derision of their peculiar opinions in matters of re- ligion. To escape from persecution, they left the land of

LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS

their fathers, and, after a long and stormy voyage, arrived at Cape Cod, Nov. 19th, 1620. After exploring the country

3. Who commenced the first permanent settlement in New England? What can you tell me respecting the Puritans? When and where did they com- mence their settlement ? In what direction from us is Plymouth? How many years since Plymouth was settled ?

* In the reign of Elizabeth, queen of England, the Protestants, or those opposed to the Roman Catholics, were divided into two parries. One party were in favor of adhering to the liturgy, the form of worship that had been establisheii in the time of Edward VI. This was much the more numerous party. The other party wished to introduce a simpler, and, as they considered it, a purer form of worship and church government. These last, by way of derision, were called Puritans. The name was also applied afterward to all who were remarkably strict in their morals or severe in their manners. During the whole reign of Elizabeth they were treated w:th great rigor and cruelty ; and in the reign of .lames I. they were so much per- secuted and oppressed, that great numbers of them left the kingdom in 1609, and re- tired to Holland. After residing there several years, they resolved to leave the country, and seek an asylum in the wilderness of America, where they might wor- ship God agreeably to the dictates of their own consciences. In 1620, many of them passed over to England, and on the .5th of August set sail for America, in the ship called the May-Flower. They arrived at Cape Cod November 19th, as stated above.

52 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1628.

for several weeks, they fixed upon a spot which they called Plymouth, and there commenced, on the 21st of December, 1620, the first permanent settlement in New England.

4. This colony, consisting of 101 persons, landed amid all the perils and privations of a barren shore, in the heart of winter. At this gloomy season they began to erect their buildings to shelter their wives and their little ones from the piercing cold. Feeling the need of some form of civil gov- ernment among themselves, forty-one of their number, before they landed, solemnly adopted a constitution, and elected John Carver first governor of the colony. Miles Standish* was soon after appointed commander-in-chief of the military.

5. At first the colony was not molested by the Indians. Massasoit, the great sachem or chief of the country, was in- duced, after much hesitation, to enter the village, and after eating and drinking with the governor, made a treaty of friendship with the English, which was faithfully observed for more than fifty years.

6. The long voyage of the colonists, the severity of the winter, and their numerous privations, brought disease and death among them, which carried off nearly half of their number before the return of spring. But the spirit of perse- cution in England induced many others to quit their homes and join the infant colony. In the year 1628, John Endi-

4. What did the first settlers do before they laiided ?

5. What Indian chief formed a treaty with the people of Plymouth? How long was this treaty observed ? Of what tribe was Massasoit the chief? A7is. Of the Pocanokets, or Wampanoags.

6 Of how many persons did the colony consist? How many of these died during the winter? Who arrived in 1628? Where did they commence a set- tlement ? What was this colony called ?

* Miles Standish was born in England. 1584. He served some time in the army in the Netherlands, before he came to America. He was one of the most resolute and daring men of the colony, and in every hazardous enterprise he was foremost. He feared no danger, and regarded the Indians as little as did iSamson the men of Askelon. On a certain occasion, one of the colony at Weymouth stole some corn from the savages. The whites, to give them satisfaction, pretended to hang the thief, but, in his stead, hung a poor, decrepit old man. The Indians were exaspe- i-ated by this base conduct, and threatened vengeance. Standish, with eight men, was sent to protect the whites. He went among them under pretense of trade, and on a certain occasion, being surrounded by a large number of Indians, he seized Pecksuot, a bold chief, snatched his knife from him, and killed him with it. and put to death five others, without losing a man. The savages were filled with consterna. tion, and sought no further satisfaction for their stolen corn ! Standish died in 1656.

1634, SETTLEMENT OP MASSACHUSETTS. 53

cott, with about three hundred others, were sent over to pre- pare the way for another colony. They began a settlement, which they called Salem. This colony received the name of Massachusetts, so called from an Indian tribe of this name in that vicinity.

7. The next year their colony was incorporated, under the title of the " Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay in New England." This circumstance greatly increased the spirit of emigration. In 1630, about fifteen hundred peo- ple arrived at the colonies. Among them came Governor Winthrop, with other officers, and many gentlemen of wealth and distinction, who brought over the charter of the colony. They founded the town of Boston. Among the towns earli- est settled in this vicinity were Charlestown, Dorchester, Watertown, Roxbury, Medford, and Cambridge.

8. Boston soon became the chief town in the colony, and the first general court of Massachusetts was held there, on the 19th of October, 1630. The settlers now endured great hardships from hunger and cold, and great numbers died the first winter. They had few or no accommodations. Their place of public worship was under a large tree. For several years following the colony rapidly increased, and the settle- ments were greatly multiphed. The Massachusetts colo- nists, in wealth and education, were superior to the settlers of Plymouth ; in other respects they were similar.

9. The colonists of Massachusetts, according to their charter, were to assemble four times a year for the election of officers, and for the enactment of laws. But in 1634, it being inconvenient for them all to assemble, it was agreed by general consent that the power of making laws should be transferred to a representative body, composed of dele-

7. Under what name were they incorporated in 1629 ? When was Boston founded ? What towns were settled soon after ?

8. When and where was the first general court of Massachusetts held ? How did the colonists of Massachusetts compare with those of Plymouth? Were the colonists of Massachusetts Puritans ? Ans. They were. When the colony was first settled, did all the people assemble to make laws ? How many times in a year? Do all the people of this state meet together to make laws?

9. When was the power of making laws transferred from the whole body of the people to the representatives ? What distinguished man was banished from the colony ?

5*

64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1635.

gates sent from each of the pLantations. Ne;ir the close of the year 1635, Roger Wilhums,* the minister of Salem, hav- ing advanced opinions which gave otfense, was banished from the colony. In 1636, he founded the town of Provi- dence, in Rhode Island.

10. In 1635, a large number of emigrants arrived in Mas- sachusetts, among whom was Henry Vane.f By his en- gaging deportment he won the hearts of the people, and the year following was made governor of the colony. But his popularity was of short continuance.

11. About this time Ann Hutchinson,^ a woman of con- siderable talent, but of more enthusiasm, inculcated opinions which involved the whole colony in contentions. She soon gained great influence, and was supported by Mr. Cotton of Boston, Governor Vane, and others of the first respectability. But at the next election, Winthrop, instead of Vane, was chosen governor. Vane, being disappointed, returned to England, and afterward became distinguished in the civil wars of that country.

12. The settlements in Massachusetts were now so highly esteemed in England, that many distinguished persons, de-

10. Who arrived in 1635? What can you relate of Henry Vane?

11. What can you say of Ann Hutchinson?

12. What distinguished men were prevented from coming to Massachusetts ?

* Williams left Salem in .January, 1030, in the midst of a severe, cold, and stormy ■winter. Fur fourteen weeks he wandered in the wilderness, often without food or shelter. But he was not without friends. The same scruindnus respect for the rights of others, whidi had led him to defend the frtt'iloin of conscience, had made him also the champion of the Indians. He had studied tlieir lanjruage, been their guest ; and now, when he came in winter, an exile, to their cabins, he was wel- come«l with warm hearts by the Pokanokets and Narraijauscls. He first beiian to build and plant at Seekonk ; but beins informed by tJov. Wintlirop that lie was •within the limits of IMvmonth, with five companions, in the month of .Ivuie, he em- harked in a frail canoe, saih-d down the Narrajjanset river to Moshaseeck, where lie landed, and beiran a settlement, which he named Troviilence. See Rhode Island.

t Sir Henrv Vane was born in 1012. He early exhibited talents of the first order ; but was of an uneasy, restless, and enthusiastic turn of mind. After his return from America, he took aii active part in the civil wars of England, and was unjustly be- headed in 16G2. He possessed ahnost all the knowledge of that age, and as a politi- cian and statesman he had but few eiaials.

t Ami Hutchinson, a religious enthusiast. She arrived from England in 1636. Soon alter her arrival she iiistituted meetings for women, In which she pretended to enjoy immediate revelations trom heaven. She inculcated many erroneous sen- timents, and soon threw the w hole colony into a fiame. She was banished, and re- -moved to a Dutch settlement in New York, where, in 1643, she and her family, con- sisting of fifteen persons, were taken and killed by the Indians.

1637. SETTLEMENT OF MA8SACIIUSETTS. 66

siring to enjoy a greater degree of civil and religious liberty, determined to leave their native shores. Among them, it is said, were Oliver Cromwell and John Hampden,* who, when about to sail, were expressly detained by order of King Charles I.

13. The Indians, now feeling that the whites or them- selves must soon be exterminated, began to show their hos- tility. At this time the Pequots and the Narragansets, two powerful and warlike tribes, were living within the limits of Connecticut and Rhode Island. Between these two tribes there existed the greatest enmity. The Pequots proposed that all animosities should now be laid aside, and their forces united against the whites. But the Narragansets, instead of agreeing to this proposal, made a treaty of friendship with the English, and heartily joined with them in a war against the Pequot tribe.

14. In 1637, the colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut, sensible of their danger, combined their forces for the utter extermination of these savage enemies. Captain Mason,t with about ninety whites and three hundred

1.3. How did some of ihe Indian tribes begin to feel respecting the whites? What did the i'efjuot.s propose to the Narragansets ? Was this a wise propo- sition ? What did the Narragansets do '!

14. What did the colonists of Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut do in 1637?

* .John Ilampilen was born in London, in l.')94. He was educated at the Univers- ity of Oxford, and in ](j2G obtained a seat in parliament, and soon {»rew to be one of the most popular men in the nation. He was a uniform opposer of arbitrary

firactices, in churcii anrl state ; ever the fearless defender of the rijichts ot man. Be- ieving it wrong for the king to levy ship-moucy, he refused to pay it, was prose- cuted, and alone withstood the royal prosecution. Aided by counsel, he argued the

ca.se twelve days before the (.'ourt of Exchequer ; and although eight of the twelve judges decided against him, the victory, as far as regarded public opinion, was his. From this time he was called the " Patriot Hampden," and took a prominent part in the great contest between the king and the parliament. When the appeal was made to arms, he was the first to enter the field. In a skirmish with tne royal forces, he wa« wounded by the bursting of a pistol in his hand, and died June filth, 1043. It is said of him, " he had a head to contrive, a tongue to persuade, and a hand to execute." The arbitrary act of the king, detaining Cromwell and Hamp- den, was a fatal error ; for it was owing mainly to the exertions of these men that he was at length deprived of his crown, and finally brought to the scaffold.

t John Mason was born in I'^nj{land about IWW. He was bred to arms, and was a brave aoUWtr and skillful commander. He was one of the first settlers at Wind- sor, Connecticut, in IG.TJ. He wa-s i)arlicularly distinguished in the I'equot war, and passed through many perilous adventures. Mason held the same reputation for military talents in Connecticut, that Miles Standish did in the Plymouth colony. Both rendered the most important service to their country. Mation died in Nor- wich, Conn., 1672.

66

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.

1G37.

friendly Indians, was sent out against them. He attacked one of their largest villages, and, after a severe contest, took their fort, set fire to their wig-warns, surrounded the town, and shot many of the Indians in their attempts to escape. Of the Indians, about five hundred were killed, but only two of the English.

15. Soon after, a decisive battle was fought in a swamp near New Haven, where the whole tribe had assembled. The swamp was surrounded by the whites, who, after a hot battle, gained a complete viclorj''. Manj'' of the Pequots

were killed, many were taken prisoners, and the remainder of the tribe fled westward and joined the Mohawks. This battle terminated the war. The English were not again molested by the Indians for nearly forty years.

16. It was now ten years since the first settlement of Salem. About 21,000 persons had already arrived in Mas- sachusetts. But a change had taken place in England, The arm of persecution was broken. The Puritans had

15. What was the result of the war?

16. How many persons arrived in the Massachusetts colony during the first ten years of its settlement ? What cause put a stop to emigration .'

1641. SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS. 57

gained the ascendency, and many, leaving the colonies, re- turned to England. Notwithstanding this check to the spirit of emigration, the colonies continued to increase with amaz- ing rapidity in wealth and importance.

17. Education was not forgotten. Mental and moral im- provement were considered of the first importance, the best safeguards of the commonwealth. Hence measures were early taken by the settlers to provide for the instruction of the young. In 1636 the General Court appropriated £400 to found a public school or college, and the next year located it at Newtown, now Cambridge. In 1638, John Harvard, an English divine, at his death, in Charlestown, bequeathed to the institution about £800, and a valuable library. In token of respect for this liberal bequest, the school was named by the General Court '• Harvard College." In 1639, the first printing-press in America was established at Cam- bridge. The first things printed were the freeman's oath, an almanac, and a new version of the Psalms.

18. In 1643, the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven, joined in a confederacy for mutual advice and protection. They were leagued under the title of " The United Colonies of New Erujland!'' Com- missioners met twice a year alternately at Hartford, New Haven, Plymouth, and Boston, to provide for the interests of the confederated colonies. They were thus united for more than forty years. Rhode Island desired to join the confederacy, but Plymouth would not give her consent, be- cause Rhode Island refused to be incorporated with the Plymouth colony.

19. In 1641, the people of New Hampshire placed them- selves under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. And in 1652, the province of Maine also came under her protection. This province was first granted to Sir Ferdinand Gorges, in 1634,

17. When was Harvard College founded ? When was the first printing done in America? What were the fir.sl thin;^s printed? How many years since ? How long after the settlement of Plymonth was Harvard College founded? Where is Cambridge? Am. Three miles N. W. of Boston,

18. What took place in 104.3 ? How long united?

19. Wiiat took place in 1G41? In 1052? To whom was the province of Maine first granted ?

58 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1660.

He established a government over it, which in 1649 had lost its authority ; and as Massachusetts claimed the prov- ince, as being comprised under her charter, the inhabitants submitted to her jurisdiction.

20. We have seen that persecution was the grand fault of that age. The Puritans themselves had been driven front home, on account of their religious peculiarities ; yet we soon find them cruelly persecuting others who differed from them in matters of religion. About the year 1650, three Baptists came into Massachusetts from Rhode Island, and having assembled one Sabbath morning to worship, they were taken by the public officers and carried to the congregational church, and there kept till the close of service. Soon after this they were tried, and sentenced to pay a heavy fine, or be publicly whipped. Mr. Holmes, one of the three, refusing to pay the fine, was punished according to the sentence. The friends of one paid his fine, and the other was released.

21. In 1656, a number of (Quakers arrived in Massachu- setts. Their sentiments, not agreeing with those of the Puritans, excited a spirit of persecution, and a law was passed, banishing all Gluakers from the colony, and impos- ing the penalty of death upon any who should remain after banishment. Four persons, who had been banished, re- turned, and were condemned and executed. They died in triumph, rejoicing in the opportunity they had of evincing the sincerity of their faith.

22. These cruel measures excited the pity of the people, led some to defend the cause of the Gluakers, and finally to embrace their sentiments. The Puritans at length discov- ered their error, and repealed their cruel laws. In that age of bigotry, the wisest of men had not discovered that — all

MEN HAVE A RIGHT TO WORSHIP GOD AS THEY PLEASE.

23. In 1660, a short time before Charles the Second was

20. What was the grand fault of that age ? What took place about 1650 ?

21. What in 1656? What law was passed? How many were executed? Do you think, the Puritans acted wisely in persecuting those who differed from thorn in their religious opinions ?

22. What effect did these persecutions have on the people ?

23. What distinguished individuals arrived in New England about this time ? What can you say of them ?

1664. SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS. 59

recalled from exile and placed upon the throne of England, Goffe* and Whallej, two of the judges who had condemned his father, Charles 1., to be beheaded, arrived in Massachu- setts. Their talents and virtues secured to them the respect of ail ; and their republican sentiments gave them favor with the lovers of liberty. Various attempts were made by King Charles to arrest these men, but in vain. They lived in seclusion, and died in peace at a good old age. Their monuments may now be seen in New Haven.

24. The government of England now began to look with jealousy upon the growing spirit of republicanism in the colonies. In 1663, laws were passed which confined all the trade of commerce, between Europe and the colonies, to Enghsh vessels. Against these restrictions the colonists made frequent complaints, but without effect. In 1664, the king sent over four commissioners to examine into the state of the colonies. They exercised their authority in Plymouth and Rhode Island : but their decisions were little regarded.

25. In Massachusetts their authority was promptly re- jected. In New Hampshire they attempted to excite the people against the jurisdiction of Massachusetts ; but their counsel was not regarded. They made the same attempts in Maine. In Connecticut, the commissioners were received

24. How did the government of England begin to regard the colonies ? What was done in 1003 ? In 1664 ? Where did these commissioners exer- cise their authority?

25. What may these laws, and the acts of the commissioners, be consid- ered as ?

' William Goffe, one of the regicides, wa.s a major-general under Cromwell. He left England in company with General Whalley, and arrived in Boston in .June, 1660. They were kiurlly received by Gov. Endicott and the principal inhabitants, and resided at Cambridge until February, 1%1, when learning that Charle.s II. was making efforts to fiave them arrested, they removed to New Haven, and were con- cealed by the inhabitants. Fearful of being discovered, they resided for some lime on West Rock, near New Haven. In 1664, they removed toHadley, Massachusetts, and remained concealed fifteen or sixteen years in the house of Sir. Russell, the minister in that place. When the Indians attacked that town in i67.5, and threw the inhabitants, who were a.ssembled for public worship, into the utmost confiwion, suddenly there appeared among them a man of venerable aspect, white with age, and clothed in an unusual dress. He put him.self at their head, and with a firm voice, and an example of undaunted resolution, led them to the conflict, and totally routed the savages." Scarcely was the battle er^ed, when the stranger disappeared. No one knew whence he had come, nor whith# he had gone ; and the people actu- ally regarded him as an angel sent by Heaven for their deliverance. Their leader was Goffe. He died at Hadley, about 1079. See " National Preceptor,'- p. 22.

60 HISTORY OF THE UNlTttD STATES. iGiB*

with respect and compliance. For these marks of her loy- alty she afterward received the approbation of the British government. The laws restrictinj^ navifration, and the au- thority assumed by these commissioners from the kin;^, may be considered as the commencement of those aggressions upon the rights of the colonists which led on to the revo- lution.

26. Fifty years had now passed since the whites first landed at Plymouth. About 120,000 Europeans peopled the shores. The natives at first regarded the English as their friends, and sold to them their extensive lands without fear or suspicion. But now, seeing their own number daily diminishing, and the whites daily increasing, they began to apprehend their own entire extermination.

27. Their patriotism and love of life now roused all these savage tribes to one mighty effort. They were ready to unite and strike the last fatal blow against the whites. Philip,* the sachem of the Wampanoags, was eminently qualified to concert their plans and combine their energies for this great undertaking. Fired with hatred and revenge, he persuaded all the Indian tribes in New England to unite in a war of extermination against their white invaders. His confederacy could bring into the field about 4,000 warriors.

28. The whites now began to perceive the designs of the Indians. Their hostility was daily manifested ; and in June, 1675, they attacked the town of Swanzey, killed many of its inhabitants, and plundered and set fire to their houses.

26. If llic lii(li;vns could have foreseen what effect the settlement of the ■whites would have had on them and the country, liow do yon suppose tliey would have received them at first? How did the Indians regard the English at first? Did they adopt the arts of civilized life ? Why not ? Have the In- dians always prefcMrcd their own savage customs and modes of living, to the comforts and blessings of civilized life ? What did they now begin to fear?

27. For what purpose did they now unite ? Who was the leader of this grand confederacy ?

28. When were the first acts of hostility committed ?

• Philip was the youngest son of Massasoit. He was a brave and artful warrior. Foreseeing the loss of his territory, and extinction of his tribe, if the English were perinitlcd U) increase willioiit interaiption, he lighted up the llame of war in vari- ous parts of the country. He was CTled in 1676. Mr. Elliot once preached before him, when he took hold of a button of the good man's coat, and said to him, " 1 do not value the gospel any more than that."

16*75.

SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS.

61

The troops of the colony soon appeared ; hut the enerny had fled, settirif^ fire to every building they passed, butchering the whites, and fixing their heads upon poles by the side of the road. The troops pursued, but could not overtake thern.

29. The whole country was now roused to arrns. Philip, perceiving the augmented forces of the enemy, left his post at Mount Hope, and stationed his troops at Pocasset, now called Tiverton. Here the Enghsh attacked him : but were defeated with the loss of sixteen rnen, The Narragansets being now leagued with Philip, the Enghsh ruarched di- rectly into their country, and forced thern into a treaty of perpetual peace. This treaty, however, was violated as soon as the whites retired.

isDi\y s

WHITES,

30. The colonists now labored under every possible dis- advantage. Their settlements were surrounded with thick forests. Indians were living promiscuously among them, professing to be friendly, but proving to be enemies. They were exposed, at every turn, to the shot of their foes. The

29. Where was the first battle fought in this war ; do to the Narragansets ?

6

What did the Enelish

62 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 16 '77.

Indians could rush forth from the woods, pkmder and destroy a village, butchering the inhabitants, young and old, and escape to their ambush, before any force could be collected to oppose them,

31. Watching all the movements of the whites, these savages could fall upon them in the most favorable circum- stances. The war was so general, that the colonists could not unite their forces at any one point, without exposing their towns, their wives, and their children, to immediate de- struction.

32. The commissioners of the united colonies now per- ceiving that the Indians had conspired to exterminate the whites, declared the war to be just and necessary, and or- dered that 2,000 men should be raised to oppose the enemy. The Narragansets being the nearest and most dangerous tribe, the colonists, under the command of Mr. Winslow, governor of Plymouth, marched into their country, and pur- sued them through a deep snow, to their stronghold in the midst of a thick swamp.

33. Their fortress was built on an island, and surrounded by a thick brush-fence, a rod wide. It had but one narrow entrance, and that well defended. The whites determined to force this passage. The Indians fought bravely; but after a bloody contest the whites entered, set fire to the fort, consuming about 600 wigwams, their old men, women, and children. About 230 of the colonists were killed or wounded, while the loss of the Indians was at least 1,000 slain.

34. During the winter, the Indians destroj^ed many towns, and massacred great numbers of the defenceless whites. In the spring, the people of Connecticut successfully invaded the country of the Narragansets, took their chief sachem, and delivered him up to the Mohegans, who, being friendly to the whites, put him to death.

30, 31. Were the whites well situated for a war with the Indians ? Why not?

32, 33. How large a force did the English raise ? Under whose command were the colonists placed ? Describe their attack upon the Narragansets.

34. What took place daring the winter .' What in the spring ?

1611.

SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS.

63

35. Philip had now collected a band of his scattered forces, and returned to his old station at Mount Hope. About the first of August, Captain Church* attacked him, took his wife and children prisoners, and killed about 130 of his men. On this occasion, Phihp wept bitterly for the loss of his family, and exhibited the noblest feelings of hu- man nature. One of his own men proposed to him to sub- mit to the whites. Phihp instantly shot him dead on the spot. A brother of this Indian, enraged at Philip, deserted his ranks, and joined the colonists. This man, in a battle

DEATH OF PHILIP

shortly after, shot Philip, in revenge of his brother's death. Thus fell this noble Indian warrior. This event put an end to the war. The Indians now fled, or sued for peace.

36. Peace, indeed, was the ardent desire of all. The col- onists had suffered every sort of calamity. The survivors

35. How was Philip affected at the loss of his family ? By whom was he

killed? Why?

36. Describe the state of the colonists at the close of Philip's war.

' Benjamin Church was born at Duxbury, Mass., in 1639. He was distinguished by his exploits in the Indian wars. He was a man of undaunted courage. His name was a terror to the Indians. Though his life was often exposed to the great- est dangers, he always escaped with little or no injury. He died in 1718.

64 HISTORY OF. THE UNITED STATES. 1686.

were all in mourning for the dead. The brave soldier re- turned, to find his house burned down and his family mur- dered. The loss of life and of property had greatly weak- ened the colonies. By the war, they had also incun-ed a heavy debt. During all these calamities they had never asked any assistance from the mother country.

37. Soon after the close of this war, the heirs of Gorges urged against Massachusetts their claims to the territory of the province of Maine. To satisfy these claims, Massa- chusetts paid the sum of £1250. In 1680, New Hampshire was separated from Massachusetts, and became a distinct colony.

38. The government of England, dissatisfied with the state of affairs in the colonies, sent over Edward Randolph to secure the enforcement of the obnoxious laws relating to commerce. He brought a message from the king, desiring the colonial governments to send agents to England, au- thorized to act with full power in behalf of the colonies.

39. The people of Massachusetts suspected that the de- sign of this movement was to get away their charter, and bring the government of the colony under the immediate control of the king. The agents, therefore, who were ap- pointed, were instructed, on no consideration, to deliver up the charter.

40. In 1684, the government of England declared the charter of Massachusetts to be no longer vahd ; and in 1686, Sir Edmund Andross was appointed governor of that colony. This was highly displeasing to the people of Mas- sachusetts. They felt that a tyrant was now placed over them. The governor immediately imposed restraints upon the press, and broke in upon the religious and domestic reg- ulations of the people. The titles of land, given under the

37. What did the heirs of Gorges do ? When did New Hampshire become a distinct colony ?

38. For what purpose was Edward Randolph sent over to the colonies ? What were the colonial governments requested to do ?

39. How did the people regard this movement ? How did they instruct their agents ?

40. What took place in 1684 ? In 1686? How did this affect the people ? What did Andross do ?

1692. SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS. 65

old charter, were declared void, and exorbitant prices were demanded for securing new ones.

41. These proceedings of the government provoked the people to madness, and thej were ready to seize on the first favorable opportunity for redress. In 1689, news came from England that William, Prince of Orange, had landed at Torbay, and was contending for the crown. The people of Massachusetts, inspired with hope of dehverance, at once flew to arms, arrested and imprisoned Andross and his offi- cers, and restored their former mode of government. The next arrival from England brought word that the Prince of Orange had gained possession of the throne, under the title of William III. This intelligence was received with great joy throughout New England.

42. In 1692, William granted to Massachusetts a new charter, which extended her jurisdiction over the provinces of Plymouth, Maine, and Nova Scotia. By this charter, the king reserved to himself the right of appointing the governor of the colony. On the 24th of May, Sir William Phips, the first royal governor, arrived at Boston with the new charter; which, in many respects, was not so acceptable to the peo- ple as the old one. By an express provision, the new char- ter granted entire liberty of conscience to all, excepting Roman Catholics.

43. About this time the colonies were greatly harassed by the French of Canada, combined with the northern and eastern Indians. A fleet was fitted out under the command of Sir William Phips, to proceed against Q,uebec ; and land forces were raised to march directly to Montreal. These movements were unsuccessful ; and, instead of relieving the colonists, increased their burden of debt.

44. In the midst of these calamities. New England was thrown into panic and distress by the strange delusions of

41. What effect had these proceedings? What news arrived in 1689? What did the people do?

42. What did Massachusetts receive from the king in 1692? Who was the first governor under the new charter ?

43. What expedition was undertaken about this time? Its result? How did Massachusetts pay off her troops on their return ? Ans. By bills of credit, or paper money. 'I'his was the beginning of the paper money system.

6*

66

HISTORY OF THE UNITED 6TATES.

1692.

witchcraft. A few years before, in England, persons called witches, were tried, condemned, and put to death in great numbers. Many highly respectable men had declared their belief that some persons were actually possessed with evil spirits. The people of New England, therefore, were pre- pared to receive, with the utmost credulity, the absurdities of this imaginary witchcraft.

TRIAL FOR WITCHCRAFT.

45. The evil commenced in Salem. Two little girls in the family of Mr. Paris, the minister of that place, were taken sick and strangely affected. The physicians could not account for their complaints, and declared them be- witched. The children ascribed their suffering to an old Indian woman, who lived in the family. Their condition was soon reported through the town, and many came to see them. Every bodj'-'s sympathy was excited. The old wo- man, being accused and terrified, partly acknowledged that she was guilty.

44. What strange delusion seized upon the minds of the people about this time ? Where had it prevailed before ?

45. Where did it commence in this country? How were the suiFerers affected?

1704. SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS. 6t

46. So great was the excitement, that others soon imag- ined themselves affected in the same way; and all the magistrates being alarmed at the progress of the evil, a special court was established to try those who were accused. The sufferers declared that the witches came into their rooms through the cracks of the doors and windows, or through the keyhole, and toi*mented them, by pinching, scratching, pricking as with forks, shaking, beating them, &c. Many of the accused were tried, condemned, and hung.

47. The infatuation had now extended to all classes in society. Twenty had been put to death, and more than a hundred v/ere in prison, awaiting their trial. At length the magistrates, finding that their own families were exposed to the same accusations, began to suspect that it was all a de- lusion. Those in prison were released. The witches soon fled.

48. Thus ended the Salem witchcraft It is astonishing to us that our forefathers, with all their learning, ' should have been thus deluded. But we should remember that this was an age of superstition ; that many good men really be- lieved in the existence of witches. The same delusion had prevailed extensively in England and other parts of Europe.

49. The English settlements were harassed by the French and Indians, until the close of the war, Sept. 20, 1697. Peace followed for a few years. But war breaking out anew between England and France, hostilities at once com- menced between their colonies. In February, 1704,* the town of Deerfield, Mass., was attacked in the night by the Indians and French. The town was set on fire, and the

46. What did the magistrates do ? What was done with the accused ?

47. How many were put to death 1 How many imprisoned ? How did the delusion end ?

48. What is it now called ? How can you account for this delusion ? Do you believe in witchcraft?

49. What happened in 1704 ?

' The first English newspaper published in America, was printed in Boston, April 24th, 1704, called " The Boston News Letter." It was the only paper printed in the American colonies until the 21st of Dec, 1719, when " The Boston Gazette" made its appearance; and on the following day, Dec. 22d, "The Weekly Mercury" was published at Philadelphia.

68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1*744.

inhabitants killed or carried prisoners to Canada. More than twenty, unable to bear the fatigue of the journey, were killed by the way ; among whom was Mrs, Williams, the wife of the minister of Deerfield. For ten years the people of Massachusetts and New Hampshire endured all the cruel- ties of an Indian war.

50. In 1711, a large fleet, under the command of Admiral Walker, left England for the purpose of subduing Canada. Having entered the river St. Lawrence, and disregarding the advice of the American pilots, he was driven upon the rocks, and many of his ships dashed to pieces. The cries of the drowning were heard, through the darkness of mid- night, but no relief could be afforded. Before morning, more than 1,000 of their number had perished. This dreadful calamity defeated the object of the expedition. The remain- der of the fleet returned to England. The Indians continued their cruel depredations upon the colonies till April 11th, 1713, when peace was concluded between England and France.

51. In 1716, Samuel Shute was appointed governor of the colony. During his administration, much contention pre- vailed between him and the house of representatives, respect- ing the governor's salary. The house contended for the right of rewarding him according to his services, while the king had ordered the governor to estabhsh a permanent salary. This contest continued for many years, and was finally settled by a vote of the house of representatives, to grant a definite sum for the pay of the governor.

52. In 1744, war was again declared between England and France. During the time of peace, the French had strongly fortified the port of Louisburg on Cape Breton. This port gave French privateers every advantage for ruin-

50. What happened in 1711 ? What in 1713 ?

51. What took place in 1716? What under his administration? In whose possession was Canada at that time ? In what direction from us is that coun- try? In whose possession is it at this time?

52. When was war again declared between England and France ? What is a privateer ? Ans. It is a ship or vessel owned and fitted out by a private man, or individuals, and commissioned by government to seize the ships of an enemy in war.

1744.

SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS.

69

ing the important fisheries on that coast, and for breaking up the trade of the colonies. A plan was conceived by one of the colonists for taking this port, and communicated to the governor of Massachusetts, Having imposed an oath of secrecy upon the members of the general court, the gov- ernor made known the plan to them. At first the enterprise was considered as altogether hazardous and impracticable ; but when made known to the people, all hands and hearts were ready for the undertaking.

OF LOUISBUEG.

53. An army of more than 4,000 men, under the com- mand of William Pepperell, was soon landed on the island ; while a fleet, under Commodore Warren, blockaded the har- bor. A detachment marched round to the northeast part of the harbor, in the night, and set fire to the buildings contain- ing naval stores, tar, pitch, wine, brandy, &e. The flames and smoke pouring into the grand battery, so terrified the French, that they spiked their guns, and fled to the city. The next morning the New England troops took possession of the battery. ^

53. What expedition was fitted out about this time ? Who cominanded the army?

10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1638.

54. In order to attack the city, it was necessary to trans- port the cannon across a marsh impassable for oxen or horses. Sledges were constructed ; and on these, the men with ropes over their shoulders, sinking to their knees in mud, drew them safely across. They now turned their can- non with great effect upon the city. The fleet in the harbor captured a French 64 gun ship, laden with stores, and five hundred and sixty men for the relief of the garrison. This threw the besieged into great distress, and, with other ad- verse events, led the French, on the 28th of June, to surren- der the city.

55. This expedition displayed the spirit of New England and excited the jealousy of Great Britain. The next sum mer a large French fleet of forty ships appeared on the coast, which spread great alarm through the colonies. But the French, after many serious disasters, which destroyed nearly half their fleet, returned to France. In 1748, peace was concluded, and Cape Breton was restored to the French. Nothing more of special importance occurred in Massachu setts till the next French war.

,fl

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

j

1. The first permanent settlement in New Hampshire, was made by the English, in 1623. John Mason and Fer- dinand Gorges obtained from the New England Company a grant of this territory, and sent over a few pioneers, who made new settlements on the west side of the Piscataqua river : one, near the mouth, called Little Harbor ; the other, further up the river, at Cocheco, now called Dover.

2. Portsmouth was settled in 1631 ; and in 1638, a set- tlement was made at Exeter, by the Rev. John Wheelwright,

54. What was the result of this expedition ?

55. When was peace concluded? Did the English retain Cape Breton?

1. When was the first permanent English settlement made in New Hamp- shire ? Who obtained a grant of this territory ? How long since Dover was settled ?

2. When was Portsmouth settled ? How were the first settlers mostly oc- cupied ?

1680.

SETTLEMENT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.

•^1

SETTLEMENT OF PORTSMOUTH.

who had before purchased the land of the Indians. The first settlers of this state were mostly occupied in fishing and trade.

3. Soon after the settlement of Exeter, the inhabitants of that town organized a government for themselves. For sev- eral years, the government of each town was distinct and independent. But finding that they were very much ex- posed to the ravages of the Indians, they placed themselves, in 1641, under the protection of Massachusetts, During the wars with Philip, these feeble settlements suffered extremely from the barbarous assaults of the enemy.

4. In 1679, New Hampshire was separated from Massa- chusetts, and made a distinct province. Its government con- sisted of a president and council, appointed by the king, and and a house of representatives, chosen by the people. The assembly held its first session in Portsmouth, in 1680, when a law was passed, declaring, that " no act, imposition, law, or ordinance, should be imposed upon the inhabitants, but

3. What was the government of each town ? Under the protection of what colony did they place themselves in 1 641 ?

4. When was New Hampshire made a distinct province ?

12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1689.

such as should be made bj the assembly, and approved by the president and council."

5. About this time a contest commenced, which continued with more or less severity for many years. Robert Mason, the grandson of John Mason, arrived at Portsmouth, and laid claim to a large part of the temtory, declaring all titles of land not given by him to be invalid. His claims were re- jected, and returning to England, he induced the king to commission Edward Cranfield as the commander-in-chief of New Hampshire. On Cranfield's an'ival he also met with violent opposition in urging the claims of Mason. By a course of injustice and oppression, he rendered himself con- temptible in the eyes of the people, and was obliged to leave the country. Mr. Waldron, a principal man in the colony, and the owner of much land, was very active in opposing the claims of Mason and Cranfield.

6. In 1689, the people sent a petition to the king, praying that they might again be annexed to Massachusetts. The petition was refused, and the petitioners were obliged to sub- mit to a separate government. Samuel Allen, who had pur- chased Mason's claim, was made governor of the colony. He at once renewed the old contests respecting lands. Suits were laid against some of the principal landholders, but the court usually gave a decision in their favor.

7. Major Waldron and others, of Dover, by repeated acts of injustice, roused the indignation of the Indians, who con- certed the following plan for destroying the town. In con- sequence of the dangers to which they were exposed, the inhabitants had fortified several houses to which they re- paired every night to sleep. The Indians sent several women, who were considerecf friendly to the whites, to seek lodgings with them. They were instructed to thro%v open the doors of these houses in the night, and give a signal to the Indians, who were to be concealed in the immediate vicinity.

5. What claims were made by Mason ? What did he do ? How were his claims regarded ?

6. What took place m 1689?

7. Who roused the indignation of the Indians ? What plan did they concert to destroy the town ?

1719.

SETTLEMENT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.

73

DEAIH or MAJOR. WALDROK

8, The plan Vv'as successful. At midnight the signal was given, and the savages rushed into the houses. Their vengeance was first directed toward Waldron, who, after bravely defending himself, was overpowered and treated with the greatest barbarity. He was thrown upon a table, and each of the savages in turn gashing his breast with their knives, exclaimed, '• Thus I cross out my account." At length they put an end to his sufferings, by rolhng him from the table upon the point of his own sword.

9. Others shared a similar fate. In this surprisal, twenty- three persons were killed, and twenty-nine taken prisoners. Many houses were plundered and burned. Other towns were attacked, hundreds were killed, and many carried cap- tive to Canada, and sold to the French. These cruel dep- redations continued till 1697, v/hen peace was again restored. In 1703. the colonies were again involved in a long and bloody war. In 1719, Londonderry was settled by emi- grants from Ireland. They brought over the foot-spinning-

8. Descril>e their treatment of Major Waldron.

9. How many were killed and taken prisoiMrrs ? How long did these dep- redations continue * When was Londonderry settled ? By whom ?

7

"74 HISTORY OF THE I NITF.D STATES. 1627.

wheel, and cultivatoti potatoes, and wore noted for their industry.

10. in 17'2'2, war broke out again with the French and Indians. During: this war, Captam Jolni Lovewell* distin- guished himself in righting- the Indians. In one of his ex- peditions he surprised a company of ten Indians who were asleep around a tire. The Indians, jumping- up, one after an- other, were shot on the spot, except one, who, attempting to escape, was seized by Loye well's dog. and shared the same fate with the othei-s. In another expedition, Loyewell and most of his men were killed b\- the Indians, under the com- mand of the famous Paugus.

11. In 1746, the ownei"s of Mason's title urged again their old claim, but meeting with no success, they soon yielded, and settled this unhappy contest by an honorable appropriation of their lands. In their grants they proyided for the liberal support of the ministers of the gospel, for build- ing churches, promoting education, and internal improye- ments. The jx'ople of rs'ew Hampshire now enjoyed a good degree of prosperity and repose, which was not mlerrupted till llie opening of ilie French war.

NEW JERSEY.

1. New .Tei"sey was first settled by the Dutch, at Bergen, about KV24. Shortly after, a few Dutch families settled on the western shore of ?sew York bay. In UV27. a company of Swedes, under the patronage of Gustavus Adolphus, their king, came oyer and planted a colony on the banks of the Delaware. Three 3'eai^ after, the English began a scttle-

10. Who distiiig\iished himsj^f in the war of 1722 ?

11. What took place in 174^

1. When anil by whom 'u-as New Jersey first seuUnl* Where did the Patch commence a setUement f The Swedes ' The Euglisl\ ' Who Ivroke up the English settlement ?

* John Lovevrell. or I.ovell. was disttiurtiished in the Indian wars for his bold and daring exoloir*. Ho was killed at a place calleti Lovell ;= rond. in \7':?;v He was hexe met by a party of Indians; under Pancxis. .\i ihe tinft tiro he and eiffht of his men were killed. Dining the contest, Chanxberljun killevl Pangus. See Easy Reader, page TJO.

1665.

SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY.

15

■^v r

o'S^.^

DANES C.) M M E N <;i N(l A S P: T Tli E M K N T .

ment at Elsinp^burgh, on the eastern side of the river. This settlement was soon broken \ip by the Swedes, who erected a fort on the same spot to i]^uar(l the river.

2. 'I'he Swedes continued to muhiply their settlements until 1 1)55, when they were concpiered by the Dutch. It has been stated in the history of New York, that the Dutch claimed all the territory between the Connecticut and the Delaware. The same territory was also claimed by the kin«^ of England, who, in 1064, sent over a fleet which com- pletely subdued the Dutch.

3. The same year the Duke of York, to whom the king had granted this territory, conveyed all the lands between the Delaware and Hudson to Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret. These possessions were called New Jersey, in honor of Sir George Carteret, who had been governor of the island of Jersey. They appointed Philip Carteret governor. He arrived at Elizabethtown in 16(35, and established a government over the colony, just and liberal in its principles.

4. For several years the colony was in a very flourishing

2. When were the Swedes conquered? When were the Dutch ?

3. What grant did the Duke of York make in 1664? Why were the pos- sessions called New Jersey ? Who was appointed governor?

76 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1682.

State. But at length those settlers who had purchased their land of the Indians before the English took possession, re- fused to pay rent for it to the government. In 1672, the discontented party rose in rebellion. Their complaints were made known to the proprietors in England. Some conces- sions were made, and some privileges granted, which satis- fied the people.

5. About this time Lord Berkley granted all his claims in the colony to Edward Billinge. In 1677, the territory was divided into East-Jei-sey and West-Jersey. The latter was assigned to Billinge, the former to Sir George Carteret. Three years before this division was made, the Dutch again took possession of this territory, but retained it only a few months. In consequence of this conquest by the Dutch, Sir Edmund Andross declared that Berkley and Carteret had lost all claim to the territory. In 1678, he therefore extended his tyrannical sway over New Jersey.

6. He imposed taxes upon the people, seized and impris- oned all those w^io would not submit to his authority. The colonies complained to the duke, and the case was at length referred to commissioners, and decided in favor of the people. Billinge had committed the management of affairs in West- Jersey to a board of tmstees, one of whom was William Penn. In 1682, William Penn and eleven others of his sect, purchased East Jersey.

7. Penn and his Quaker brethren now appointed Robert Barclay* governor of East-Jersey for life ; but peace and

4. What happened in 1672 ? Why ?

5. What grant did Lord Berkley make ? What division of the territory was made in 1676 I To whom wcretliese divisions assigned? In consequence of the Dutch conquest, what diii Sir Edmund Andross do ? How do you like Sir Edmund Andross's character ? Should you like to have a governor like him in this state ?

6. In consequence of the treatment they received from Andross, what did the people do ? To whose management was West-Jersey committed ? What was done in 1 682?

7. Who was appointed governor of East-Jersey?

* Robert Barclay, an eminent writer of the society of Quakei-s, was born in Scot- • land, in 164S, of an ancient and honorable family. Uniting all the advantages of a learned edvication to great natural abilities, he early distinguished himself by his talents and zeal in defending tlie doctrines of the sect to which lie belonged. He published many works, the most noted of which was his •' Apology for the Q.ua-

1627. SETTLEMENT OF DELAWARE. 71

tranquillity were not jet secured. There had been so many owners of the land, and so many changes in the govern- ment, that no one could tell with certainty whether he had a good title to his land or not. Great disorder prevailed. This state of confusion continued till 1702, when the right of government was surrendered to the queen of England.

8. The two divisions were now re-united, under the old name of New Jersey. Lord Cornbury was appointed govern- or. The same governor exercised jurisdiction over the prov- inces of New Jersey and New York. In 1738, the king, in answer to a petition of the people of New Jersey, appointed a separate governor over that colony. The office was first conferred upon Lewis Morris, under whose administration the people enjoyed peace and prosperity. The population was then 40,000. The same year, the college named Nas- sau Hall was founded at Princeton. The settlers of New Jersey purchased their lands of the Indians, and by their mildness and hospitality, secured their friendship.

DELAWARE.

1. In 1627, a company of Swedes and Finns arrived in Delaware bay, and landed at Cape Henlopen. They were so much pleased with the richness and beauty of the coun- try, that they called it Paradise Point. They purchased a large tract of land of the Indians, and called it New Sweden, extending from Cape Henlopen to the falls in the Delaware river opposite to Trenton. Their first settlement was on Christiana creek, near Wilmington.

8. Under what name were East and West Jersey again united in 1702? "Who was appointed governor? When had New Jersey a separate governor? Who was appointed to this office? When was Nassau Hall college founded? How many years since New Jersey was settled?

1. When and by whom was Delaware first settled? How long since? What did they call the country ? Where was the first settlement made ?

kers." This work was published in Latin, in 1676, and was quickly translated into the English, Dutch, French, German, and Spanish lanisniages. He wasmuch perse- cuted, and several times imprisoned in consequence of his religious sentiments. He spent the close of his life, in the bosom of a large family, in quiet and peace. He died in 1690, in the 42d year of his age.

7*

78

HISTORY OF THE UyiTED STATES

1641,

2. Being" annoyed by the Dutch, who occupied the east- em bank of the Delaware, the Swedes built a fort on the isl- and of Tinicum, about 1:2 miles southwest of Philadelphia, and this for a time became the seat of their g-ovemment. John Printz was their first governor. They erected a num- ber of fons along- the river, to protect their settlements from the Dutch, who were now settling on the eastern side. In 1641. the Dutch crossed the river, and built a fort at New Castle. The Swedes claimed the territory, and remonstrated against these proceedings.

a w 5 r I s H

V S S >• 0 K TAKING THE X>VT >

3. Risingh, the second Swedish governor, with a band of thirty men. \'isited the fort under pretense of friendship. Being admitted, and kindly treated by the Dutch, he seized this opportunity to take possession of the fort. This act of treachery exasperated the Dutch governor of New York, and he came with a fleet of seven ships and took possession of all the Swedish settlements. Manv of the Swedes were

2, What town became their seat of goTemmtct .' Who was their first gor- emor ? "What did the Dusch do in 1641 ? - 3. How did the Swedes get possessicaa <rf the ton ? What did the Dutch do

in consequence ?

1630. PETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICIT. 79

seized and transported to Holland ; the remainder submitted to the Dutch.

4. In 1G64, the English conquered the Dutch and took possession of all their dominions. The settlement on the Delaware continued under the English governor of New- York, until 16S-2. At this time, William Penn obtained a grant of the several tracts of land which now constitute the State of Delaware. Thej were called the " Territories." and for many years were imder the government of Penn- svlvania.

5. The territories were divided into three counties. Each county sent six delegates to the general assemblj- of Penn- sylvania. In consequence of the fertility of the soil, and the liberal policy of the government, Delaware increased rapidly in population, and at the commencement of the revolution, was in a prosperous condition.

CONNECTICUT.

1. In 1630, the territory now constituting the State of Connecticut, was granted by the Plymouth Company in England, to the Earl of Warwick, and in the following year, he transferred it to Lord Say-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, and others. During the same year, Mr. Winslow, governor of the Plymouth colony, with several of his people, by the in- vitation of an Indian chief who wished the Enghsh to settle among them, visited the country along the Connecticut river, and tinding the Indians friendly, and desirous of trad- ing with the whites, he selected a spot for a trading house. The Dutch at New York, anticipating the designs of Wins- low, sent a company to erect a fort at Hartford, to prevent the English from forming a settlement in that region.

4. What happened in 1664 ? In 1682? How many years since the Swedes first landed iu Delaware ? Where did the Swedes come from? Where the Finns ?

5. Into how many coimties was the territory divided? How is Delaware bounded ? What is its capital ?

1. When and to whom was the territory of Connecticnt granted? Who vis- ited the country soon after this ? What did he do? Wliat did the Dutch do in consequence ?

80

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1635.

OLMES PASSING T

DUTCH FORT AT HARTFORD

2. In 1633, "Winslow, having prepared the frame of a building, tilted out a party from Plymouth, under the direc- tion of Capt. Wm. Hohiies. He sailed up the river, and as he was passing- the fort, the Dutch hailed him, and ordered him to stop, and threatened to fire in case he did not. But Holmes paid no regard to their orders, passed by without injury, ascended the river, landed, and set up the building within the present limits of the town of Windsor.

3. In 1G35, a number of families from Massachusetts began settlements at Wethersfield and "Windsor. The next winter, some of them being destitute of provisions, and in danger of staiTation, returned through the cold and snow to their friends in Massachusetts. In October of the same year, John Winthrop arrived from England, with orders from the company, who now owned the territory, to build a fort at the mouth of the river.

2. "NMiat took place in 1633 ' Would you have done as Capt. Holmes did? 'V^'hat did Holmes say when the Dutch threatened to lire unless he struck his colors and stopped ? Ans. " Fire," said he. " fire and be hanged. Who cares for your Dutch powder? I obey Governor Winslow, not you." Where was the first house erected in Connecticut ■ When '

3. What towns were settled m 1635 ■ Who arrived in October ?

1639. SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. 81.

4. In the summer of 1635, the Rev. Mr. Hooker, and about one hundred persons belonging to his congregation, left Massachusetts, and laid the foundation of Hartford. In their long journey through the wilderness, they had no guide but their compass, no cover but the heavens, and their prin- cipal food was the milk of the cows, which they drove before them. The Indians in Connecticut were very numer- ous. Thirty years after its settlement there were about twenty Indians to one white man. The first settlers suf- fered eveiy sort of barbarity from these cruel savages.

5. In i637, the troops from this colony distinguished themselves for bravery and fortitude, in the war against the Pequots, some account of which has already been given in the history of Massachusetts. In June, 1637, the Rev. John Davenport, Mr. Eaton, and other gentlemen of wealth and respectability from England, anived at Boston. In 1638, they founded the colony of New Haven at (iuinnipiac, the Indian name of that region.

6. The first Sabbath after their aiTival, Mr. Davenport preached to the colony under a large oak tree. A day of fasting and praj^er was appointed, and at the close of it, they all bound themselves by a solemn covenant, " to be gov- erned in all things, both civil and religious, by the rules and principles of the Bible."

7. In 1639, June 14, the people of this colony met in a large barn, and adopted a constitution. It provided that none but members of some church should be permitted to vote, or take any part in government ; that all voters should meet once a year to choose the otficers of the colony ; and that the word of God should be their only rule, as well in civil as in reli- gious aifairs. In short, " The Bible was their law-book, and church members the only freemen." The same year,

4. How many years since Hartford was settled?

5. When and by whom was the colony of New Haven founded ? The Con- necticut colony embraced the towns on the Connecticut river. The New- Haven colony embraced the towns bordering on Long Island sound. They remained separate and distinct colonies till 1G65.

G. Where was the first religious meeting held in New Haven ? How did they agree to be governed ?

7. Wlien and where did they adopt a constitution ?

82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1650.

Jan. 24, the people of Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor, assembled at Hartford, and adopted a constitution for the colony of Connecticut, thus establishing for themselves a separate government. The constitution* thus formed was of unexampled liberality, carefully guarding and protecting the rights of all the people. It provided that the members of the towns who should take the oath of allegiance to the commonwealth, should be entitled to the elective franchise, or right of voting ; that the governor and legislature should be chosen annually by ballot ; that the representatives should be apportioned among the different towns according to pop- ulation ; that the general court, or assembly, alone should have power to make and repeal laws, and should hold two sessions each year, &c. Previously to this, the people of the colony had been governed by the laws of Massachusetts.

8. About this time, George Fenwick and others began a settlement at the mouth of the river, which, in honor of Lords Say-and-Seal, and Brooke, was called Saybrooh. For many years they enacted their own laws, and made their own regulations; but in 1664, this town became a part of the Connecticut colony.

9. The Dutch, claiming the territory of Connecticut, con- tinued their hostilities, and excited the Indians against the colonies. In 1650, a treaty of peace was made with the English, by which the Dutch gave up their claim to the ter- ritory. But soon after, the Dutch governor was detected in forming a conspiracy with the savages, for the entire exter- mination of the EngHsh.

10. At this time the colonies of New England were all, except Rhode Island, united in a confederacy for their mutual protection. New Haven and Connecticut, alarmed at their danger, laid before the commissioners of the United Colonies the designs of the Dutch. At first agents were sent to the Dutch governor ; but obtaining from him no satisfactory ex-

8. When was Saybrook settled ?

9. What took place in 1650? Did the Dutch continue friendly?

10. What did the colonies of New Haven and Connecticut do ?

- * " This is the first example in history of a written constitution, constituting a government and defining its powers."— L. Bacon, D.D.

168G. SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. 83

plano-tion of his conduct, the commissioners thought it neces- sary to appeal to arms.

11. At this critical moment, the court of Massachusetts resolved, " that no decision of the commissioners should bind the colony to engage in war." This was a gross violation of the articles of the confederacy. Connecticut and New Haven, not being able to defend themselves against their enemies, without the aid of Massachusetts, implored the as- sistance of Cromwell, who was then at the head of afffiirs in England. He immediately sent a fleet against the Dutch ; but soon after its arrival in New England, the news of peace between Holland and England reached the colomes, which put an end to all hostilities.

12. On the restoration of Charles II.., .lohn Winthrop, governor of the Connecticut colony, was sent to England to obtain from the king a royal charter for the colony. He presented to Charles a ring of great value, which his father, Charles L, had given to Winthrop's grandfather. Pleased with the gift, the king granted a charter very liberal in its privileges, and which confirmed all the provisions of their constitution. The charter included New Haven ; but that colony, not willing to give up its entire independence, did not submit to the regulations of the charter until 1665, when the two colonies were united.

13. In 1686, King James II., dissatisfied with the spirit of liberty which prevailed in the colonies, ordered the people of Connecticut to surrender their charter. Sir Edmund An- dross, his agent, and at that time governor of New England, finding the people of that colony unwilling to submit to the king's order, marched with a band of troops to Hartford.

14. The legislature was then in session. Sir Edmund entered the court-house and demanded the charter. The matter was debated until evening, when the charter was

11. What was the conduct of Ma.S8achu.setts? From whom was assistance implored ? What did Cromwell do? What event rendered assistance unne- cessary ?

12. Who was sent to obtain a charter for Connecticut? State the result, Whf;n were the colonies of Connecticut and New flaven united?

Hi. What took p\Hv.ci in 1680 ? What did Sir Edmunrl Andross do?

14. State what took place at Hartford. What has this tree been called

84 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1692.

brought forth and laid on the table. The excitement was great, and the house was crowded. In the heat of the dis- cussion, the candles were all suddenly extinguished. When they were relighted, the charter was gone. Amid the dark- ness and confusion, a Captain Wadsworth had seized it, and escaping from the house, had concealed it in the hollow of an oak tree.

15. Andross now took upon himself the absolute control of the colony. Soon after this, King James was driven from the throne, and Connecticut, under the favor of King Wilham, who succeeded him in 1688, enjoyed her former privileges. But in 1692, the king appointed Colonel Fletcher governor of New York, and commissioned him to take command of the militia of Connecticut. By the charter, this power was conferred upon her own governor ; and he was determined to maintain it, and was supported in this determination by the people of the colony.

16. The next year Fletcher repaired to Hartford ; but was promptly informed that the militia would not be placed under his command. He then ordered out the troops of that city. This being done, he appeared in front of the line, and commanded one of his officers to read to them his com- mission from the king. Wadsworth, the captain of the militia, immediately commanded the drums to beat. Fletcher demanded silence, and ordered the officer to read on. " Drum, drum!" cried Wadsworth. The order was obe^red, and nothing was heard but the roar of drums. " Silence, silence!" exclaimed Fletcher, and a pause succeeded. Wadsworth then turning to 'Colonel Fletcher, boldly ad- dressed him, " If I am interrupted again, I will make the sun shine through you in a moment," and again ordered the drums to beat. Struck with this bold address, Fletcher

since that event ? Am. The charter oak. It is still standing in the southern part of the cit)^ of Hartford.

15. What event occurred soon after, favorable to the colony ? What took place in 1692 ? By the charter of Connecticut, who was commander-in-chief of the militia ?

16. When did Col. Fletcher go to Hartford? For what purpose? Did he obtain the command of the militia ? What occurred ? Did Capt. Wadsworth

■ do right ?

1^08.

SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT.

85

no longer persisted. The case was afterward referred to the king, and decided in favor of Connecticut.

"WADS WORTH SILENCING FLETCHE

17. In 1700, a number of clergymen, desiring to increase the means of education, met at Branford and founded Yale College on an endowment of books. The next year it was incorporated with an annual grant of £120, and established at Saybrook 5 but in 1717, the location being considered inconvenient, it was removed to New Haven. It derived its name from Elihu Yale, one of its most liberal patrons. In respect to numbers and reputation, it is now one of the first hterary institutions in the country.

18. In 1708, the people of Connecticut estabhshed an ecclesiastical constitution. The ministers and delegates of the churches met at Saybrook, and framed the celebrated creed, called ^'The Saybrook PlatformP All churches which acknowledged this platform were established by law.

17. When was Yale College founded? Where was it first established? When and to what place was it removed ?

18. What was done in 1708 ? How many years since the first settlement was made in Connecticut ?

8

86 HieiORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 1634.

Other churches, however, were permitted to regulate their own concerns as they chose.

19. In the wars with the Indians, Connecticut suffered much, though less than some of the other colonies. Her troops were ever ready to fly to the assistance of their brethren, and were distinguished for their bravery and suc- cess. After the death of Philip, she was seldom molested by the Indians, and for many j'ears enjoyed uninterrupted prosperity.

MARYLAND.

1 . We have seen that the tirst settlement of Massachusetts and Rhode Island was owing to religious persecution. The same spirit prevailed against the Koman Catholics, which led to the settlement of Maryland. In 1032, George Cal- vert,* called Lord Baltimore, a distmguished member of that sect, applied to Charles I. for a grant of territory north of Virginia, for the pui-pose of establishing a settlement on the principles of religious liberty. Before the grant had passed the royal seal, he died. About two months after, the terri- tory was granted in the name of Cecil Calvert, Lord Balti- more's eldest son and heir. In honor of the queen Maria, the colony was called Maryland.

2. Lord Baltimore appointed his brother, Leonard Calvert, governor of the province. He, with about 200 Catholic emigrants, arrived at the mouth of the Potomac in 1G34.

19. What is said of the troops of Connecticut I

1. What led to the settlement of Maryland? How did LorI Baltimore wish to establish a settlement ?

2. When, where, and by whom, was the tirst settlement made ?

* Geortre Calvert was born in Yorkshire. England, in 15J?2. He possessed supe- rior talents, and was ktiichtetl by James I., and made clerk of the privy council ; and in 1619, w;\s appointed one ot^tbe secretaries of state. This post he resigned in UV24. in consequenot' ot' liavinji l^ecome a Roman Catholic. Notwithstanding this, he retainetl the coiuideuce oltbe kins;, .ind in 1625. was created Lord Baltimore, or baron of Baltimore, in the kiujidont of li-el;uid. He dud at London. UVtt2. beloved and respected by all. It is said of him, that he took as much pleasure in hearing the sentiments ol others, as in delivering his own, luid was ever conspicuoiis tor liis good sense and moderation.

1G50. SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. 87

After exploring* tlie country for a few weeks, thcj purchased the village of Yoamaco of the Indians, and named it St. Mary's. Here they found comfortable habitations ; and the soil being somewhat cultivated, they had a sufficient supply of provisions.

3. Many circumstances favored the settlement of Mary- land. Although Lord Baltimore and his family were Cathohcs, and had been severely oppressed and persecuted in England, they granted equal protection to all Christian- denominations in their hew colony, while persecution pre- vailed in the northern provinces. The soil and climate were very inviting. The Indians were perfectly friendly. The people were permitted to make their own laws. These things led to the rapid increase of the colony.

4. The first assembly, which met soon after they arrived, was composed of all the freemen in the colony. This mode of legislation was soon altered. In 1639, the "House of Assembly" was made up of representatives chosen by the people, and persons appointed by the proprietor, together with the governor and secretary. These all met in the same room. A change took place in 1650, by which this body was divided into a lower house, consisting of repre- sentatives, and an upper house, consisting of the governor and council, appointed by the proprietor.

5. The peace of this colony was soon disturbed by Wil- liam Clayborne. By circulating false reports among the Indians, he excited them to a war, which involved the col- ony in much distress for several years. Clayborne was tried and condemned ; but before the day of his execution, he made his escape. At length he appealed to the king, but his ap- peal was in vain. During the civil war in England, he joined the party opposed to the king. Soon after, he re-

3. What circumstance favored the settlement of Maryland? How does the conduct of the first settlors of Maryland compare with that of the first settlers of Massachusetts ?

4. When did the first assembly meet? Of whom was it composed? When was this mode of legislation altered? Of whom did the House of Assembly consist? What change took place in 1650?

5. By whom was the peace of the colony disturbed ? How ? When did ho excite a rebellion?

86

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.

1G76.

INDIANS ATTACKING SETTLKRS AT WORK IN THE FIELDS.

turned to Maryland, and in 1645 excited a rebellion against the government.

6. But the contending parties in England soon occasioned a civil war in the colony. The Catholics were completely overpowered, and an act was passed declaring them with- out the protection of law. Laws also were enacted against the Gluakers. At the restoration of Charles II., in 1660, Cecil Calvert recovered his right to the province, and his son, Philip Calvert, was appointed governor, and harmony was again restored in the colony. At this time the popula- tion of Maiyland was about 12,000.

7. Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, the proprietor and found- er of the colony, died in 1676. He was greatly distinguished for wisdom, benevolence, and liberality of sentiment. His memory is gratefully cherished by the people of Maryland. The city of Baltimore was named after him. By his death his eldest son, Charles, became heir to his estate and title.

6. What law was passed against the Catholics, and against the Quakers ? "Who was appointed governor in ICGO?

_ 7. When did Lord Baltimore die ; and what was his character? What city in Maryland is named after him ?

1636.

SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND.

89

« The peace of the colony was again disturbed in 1689, mained for many years.

RHODE ISLAND.

tillCP-ATlON OF ROGER WILLIAMS

1 The first settlement m Rhode Island ^^^ ^^^C'^^^^ IfiSe bv Roo-er WiUiams,* who was banished from Massa husktl, as^fore mentioned. He P---i^;^;^;^^ of the Narragansets, obtained a tract of land fiom them,

T^^^^^iX^n. «a3 bora in Wales, in 1093. lie was regularly educated, and

3

90 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1638.

a place called Moshassuck, and began to build a town, which, in acknowledgment of God's goodness to him in time of trouble and distress, he called Providence, The set- tlement was called Providence Plantation.

2. Williams maintained the doctrine, that the civil law should provide equally for the protection of all Christian de- nominations, and not interfere with the faith of any. For these just and noble sentiments he had suffered much per- secution ; and he now determined to test their practical effect, by founding a colony on the broadest principles of civil and religious liberty, granting equal toleration and en- tire liberty of conscience to all religious sects.

3. The colony soon became popular, and many joined it from other settlements. In 1638, William Coddington,*

••

2. What doctrine did Williams maintain ? How does his conduct compare •with that of the first settlers of Massachusetts colony ?

3. What took place in 1638?

admitted to orders in the Church of England. Having embraced the doctrines oi the Puritans, he embarlted for America, wliere he arrived with his wife, in Feb- ruary, 1(J31. He preached in Plymouth about two years, and, in 1634, was settled over'the church in Salem. W^hile here, and at Plymouth, he maintained the char- acter he had acquired in England, that of " a godly man and zealous preacher." His just views of religious liberty soon gave ofiense. He insisted that the civil ma- gistrate is bound to grant equal protection to every denomination of Christians, and that he has no right " to deal in matters of conscience and religion ;" that every person should be permitted to worship God agreeably to the dictates of his own conscience. These doctrines were too liberal for the age in which he lived. He •was brought before the court, tried, and banished from the colony, in 1635. Hav- ing left Massachusetts, he proceeded southward, and purchased a tract of land of the Narraganset Indians, and laid the foundation of Providence. Having embraced the sentiments of the Baptists, he was baptized in March, 1639, and while he en- joyed liberty of conscience himself, he granted it to all others. He studied the In- dian languages, and used his endeavors to impart to the savages the blessings of the gospel. He enjoyed the highest confidence of his fellow-citizens, and was sev- eral times elected to the ofQce of governor. He died in 16S3, at Providence. He was a man of superior talents, of unblemished moral character, and of ardent piety ; unyielding in opinions which he conceived to be right, and not to be diverted by threats or tlattery Irom Avhat he believed to be duty. His memory is deserving of lasting honor, for the correctness of his opinions respecting liberty of conscience, and for the generous toleration which he established. With true magnanimity and nobleness of soul, he exercised all his intiuence with the Indians in favor of Massa- chusetts, and ever evinced the greatest friendship for the colony from which he had been driven. He is juslly accused of frequent changes in his religious sentiments ; but these changes sliould be ascribed to conviction, rather than any regard to worldly interests.

' William Coddington was a native of England. He arrived at Sa,lem in 1630, and was tor a number of years a magistrate in the Massachusetts colony. Becom- ing involved in the religioiis contentious at that time, he removed, in 1638, to Rhode Island, and was the principal instrument in effecting the original settlement of that place. His name stands first on the covenant signed by eighteen persons, 1638, forming themselves into a body politic, " to be governed by the laws of the Lord Jesus Christ, the King of kings." It was soon found necessary, however, to have

1664. SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND. 91

with many others, came from Massachusetts, and settled on the island, now called Rhode Island. The settlements on the island rapidly extended, and were palled the Rhode Island Plantations.

4. In 1643, Rhode Island petitioned to be admitted into the celebrated union of the New England colonies. Ply- mouth, declaring the settlements of this colony to be within the limits of her territorj^, would not consent to the petition. But after a warm discussion beween the comrniss-ioners, it was voted that Rhode Island should enjoy all the benefits of the union, provided she would submit to the jurisdiction of Plymouth. Spurning the idea of such submission, she maintained her independence, and was not associated with the other colonies.

5. In consequence of this, Roger Williams went the same year (1643) to England, and obtained from the parliament, the year following, a free and absolute charter of civil gov- ernment for the two plantations, dr colonies. In 1647, dele- gates from the several towns met in general assembly at Portsmouth, adopted a constitution, and framed a code of laws, which closed with the declaration that, '-all men might w^alk as their consciences persuaded them, without molestation, every one in the name of his God." The exec- utive power was placed in the hands of a president, or gov- ernor, and four assistants. It was not, however, until 1652, that the two plantations, or colonies, were fully united under one government.

6. In 1663, Charles II. granted a charter to Rhode Island, which embraced the principles on which the colony was founded, and those of the charter obtained from parliament in 1644. It enjoined the greatest toleration in matters of

4. What prevented Rhode Island from joining the confederacy ?

5. What took place in 1643 ? When was the government of Rhode Lsland first organized '( Where is Portsmouth? Ans. It is in the northern part of the island of Rhode Island, seven miles north of Newport.

6. When did the colony obtain a charter? Of whom? What did it en- join ? What did the legislature do in 1664 ? What in subsequent acts ?

something more definite. He was chosen governor of Rhode Island seven years successively, until the island was incorporated with Providence Plantation, in 1647. He died in 1678. He was ever a warm advocate for liberty of conscience, and he founded his little colony on the principle of religious toleration.

I

92 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1663.

religion, allowing every man to worship God agreeably to the dictates of his own conscience. This broad principle of religious toleration was reasserted by the legislature in May, 1664, and in subsequent acts, the rights of conscience and freedom of mind were strictly respected. The charter government of this colony was dissolved by Andross while he was governor of New England, but was resumed again directly after his imprisonment, and continued in force until 1842, when a state constitution was adopted.

7. In 1764, Brown University was founded by Nicholas Brown, at Warren ; but, in 1770, w^as removed to Provi- dence, and is now a flourishing institution. At this time the population of the colony was about 75,000. Rhode Island, on account of her just and benevolent treatment of the Indians, was seldom molested by their depredations.

NORTH CAROLINA.

1. Sir Robert Heath, in 1630, obtained a grant of a large extent of territory, reaching from Virginia to Florida, which was called Carohna. Under this grant no colony was planted. About the year 1645, a number of persons fled from persecution in Virginia, and settled north of Albemarle sound. Here, for many years, they lived in the enjoyment of freedom and plenty.

2. In 1661, another settlement was made near Cape Fear river by a band of emigrants from Massachusetts. In con- sequence of the hostility of the Indians and the unproduct- iveness of the soil, the settlement was abandoned in 1663.

7. When and by whom was Brown University founded? What protected the colony from Indian depredations? Suppose all the white people that came to America had been kind and honest in their dealings with the Indians, what do you think would have been the result ? If we should in all cases " do to others as we wish others to do to us," what do you imagine would be the consequence ?

1. To whom was Carolina first granted? When and where was a settle- ment first made in Carolina 1

2. When and where was another settlement made ? Why was that settle- ment abandoned ? When did emigrants arrive from Barbadoes? Where did they settle ? Who was appointed governor?

1671. SETTLEMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA. 93

In 1665, a number of emigrants, planters, from the island of Barbadoes, settled near the same place, over whom Sir John Yeamans was appointed governor.

3. As yet, Sir Robert Heath had not complied with the conditions of his title, and, in 1663, the same territory was granted to Lord Clarendon and seven others.* They now organized a government on the most liberal principles, and held out many inducements to emigration. Mr. Drummond was appointed governor of the settlement on the Albemarle.

4. At this time the celebrated John Locke *had gained great reputation in England for his political writings. At the request of Lord Clarendon, he prepared a constitution of government for the province. It was very different from the constitutions of the other colonies. It provided that the governor should hold his office during life, and that an he- reditary nobility should be created. This constitution was adopted, but was not pleasing to the people, and was the occasion of much disorder in the colony.

5. In 1671, William Sayle commenced a settlement, which, in honor of King Charles, he called Charleston. This town, being well situated for commerce, rapidly in- creased in population. Many came from Clarendon county, which embraced the settlements about Cape Fear. After the death of Sajde, in 1671, Sir John Yeamans was ap- pointed governor of Charleston. The settlements under this government were now called South Carohna, in distinction from those at Albemarle, which were called North Carolina.

6. At length disorders began to arise in the northern col- ony. These were greatly increased under the administra- tion of Seth Sothel, one of the proprietors, who was ap-

3. What had Sir Robert Heath failed to do? What was the consequence? What did they do? Who was appointed governor?

4. What did John Locke do? What did it provide? Were the people pleased with it?

5. When did William Sayle commence a settlement ? Why did he name it Charleston ? Who was appointed governor after Sayle ? After Yeamans was appointed governor, what were these settlements called ?

6. How did the people like Seth Sothel for governor? What did they do with him ? Was that right? What took place in 1693 ?

• This patent comprised the territory between 30° and 36° north latitude, extend- ing from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean,

94

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.

mo.

pointed governor in 1683. He was avaricious, corrupt, and tyrannical. The people, after enduring- for six years his cmel oppression, banished him from the colony. Philip Lud- well, his successor, and John Archdale, who succeeded him, were both popular governors. Under their administrations the people were prosperous and happy.

INDIAN MASSACK

7. In 1707, a company of French Protestants arrived and located themselves on the river Trent, a branch of the Neuse. In 1710, one hundred German famihes from the Rhine, seeking a refuge from religious persecution at home, came and settled in the same part of the province. To each of these, the governor and proprietors gave 100 acres of land. In the enjoj^ment of liberty of conscience, and in prospect of ease and competence, a terrible calamity fell upon them. The